Wildlife Corridor Database

There are now hundreds of wildlife corridors around the world – with more coming. These are built to help wildlife cross safely across barriers, such as road, railways, and deforested areas. But do wildlife corridors work?

We have compiled a database of wildlife corridors as a starting point to answer this question. Below is a sample of the data available for scientists, policy makers, and designers to help gain insights into what makes corridors succeed – and fail. Contact us for a copy of this database or to add to the information!

Name	Construction	Location	Country	State/Providence	Highway(s)	Context	Boundaries	Year	Cost (Local Currency)	Purpose	Target - Species (common)	Used By Species (common)	Monitoring Effort	Notes	LINK
Christmas Island Crab Bridge	metal bridge over roadway	Christmas Island	Australia	Christmas Island	Roadway	Every first rainfall of the wet season (in Oct. or Nov.) triggers the migration of red crabs from the forest into the ocean to mate and spawn. Along the way, they are often hit by cars or face substantial barriers to movement and they can dessicate; high mortality. Estimated 50 million crabs migrate annually	20 km of guide barriers to funnel crab traffic (12 km of permanent fencing, 5 km temporary); the guide barrier is short aluminum wall	2015		reduce road mortalities of red crabs during their mass migration	Red crab	Red crab	Road closure, park staff		https://parksaustralia.gov.au/christmas/discover/highlights/red-crab-migration/ https://www.environment.gov.au/resource/behind-scenes-red-crab-migration-october-2012 https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/crabs-get-safety-bridge-passage-sea/ https://roaring.earth/millions-of-crabs/
Bandicoot Underpass	An underpass was built when a freeway bisected the bandicoot population stronghold, with money set aside for a predator-proof fence. The fence was never built, rendering the underpass ineffective and essentially wasting the $20 million spent on the underpass	Melbourne	Australia	Victoria	Freeway	Bandicoots once thrived at The Pines Flora and Fauna Reserve, a patch of bush in the back blocks of Frankston on Melbourne's urban edge, just 10 kilometres from the Cranbourne Botanic Gardens.. The Pines was split by a freeway in 2010. Bandicoot population at The Pines Flora and Fauna Reserve was threatened by urband development, feral cats, and predation from foxes. An underpass was built when a freeway bisected the bandicoot population stronghold, with money set aside for a predator-proof fence. The fence was never built, rendering the underpass ineffective and essentially wasting the $20 million spent on the underpass.	None -- money was set aside for predator-proof fencing, but it was never realized	2013	20,000,000	protect nationally endangered bandicoot population, reduce pressures from urban development and increased predation	Southern brown bandicoot	Southern brown bandicoot		At the completion of the freeway in 2013, and with only a single bandicoot hair detected two years prior, Parks Victoria chose to direct the money intended for the fence to bandicoot programs near Cranbourne.	https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-28/survival-of-rare-melbourne-bandicoots-under-threat/7181580
Western Ringtail Possum Rope Bridge	marine grade rope, wooden poles, concrete foundation	Busselton	Australia	Western Australia	Caves Rd	Roads have a negative impact on arboreal species; the western ringtail possum is critically endangered; they travel from tree to tree in the canopy, especially between peppermint trees; Locke Nature Reserve surrounds the area and has one of the highest de		2013		help arboreal species cross a road barrier	Western ringtail possums	Western ringtail possums	Infared cameras, sensory cameras, microchip reader (for the 44 females and 53 males captured and tagged)		https://natureconservation.pensoft.net/article/4385/, https://www.uwa.edu.au/projects/rope-bridges-to-restore-gene-flow-and-reduce-road-fatalities-of-western-ringtail-possums
Compton Road Wildlife Underpasses	Underpass A is also positioned immediately beside three wet culverts and a well vegetated artificial pond. Low shrubby vegetation occurs very close to the Karawatha Forest entrance of Underpass A and both entrances of Underpass B.Two specifically designed	South Brisbane	Australia	Queensland	Compton Road	Compton Road bisects some of the largest remnants of bushland in SE Queensland, specifically the Karawatha Forest; wildlife fatalities and damage to people/vehicles motivation for wildlife passes when road was being expanded	sheet metal strips so animals can't climb, fence is 2.48 m so animals can't cross, escape for small animals at the bottom of fence	2005	700,000 Australian Dollars		Kangaroos, koalas	Regular use of the underpasses by a wide range of species and species-groups, the most abundant being 'rodents', most likely Rattus species, both native and introduced	Camera traps, audio radio transmitters, RFID tags	The cost of $70,000 to build the passages was 1.5% of the overall cost of upgrading Compton Road; Reduced road kill!	https://www.9news.com.au/national/koalas-can-learn-how-to-use-eco-passages-to-safely-cross-roads-queensland-study-finds/091062a1-e3e1-47fd-b895-86954023b8f0, https://www.griffith.edu.au/research/impact/compton-road-wildlife-corridor,https://www.griffith.e
Compton Road Wildlife Overpass		South Brisbane	Australia	Queensland	Compton Road	Compton Road bisects some of the largest remnants of bushland in SE Queensland, specifically the Karawatha Forest; wildlife fatalities and damage to people/vehicles motivation for wildlife passes when road was being expanded	sheet metal strips so animals can't climb, fence is 2.48 m so animals can't cross, escape for small animals at the bottom of fence	2005			Wallabies, kangaroos, possums	Used by 45 species on one busy night,Red-necked wallaby, swamp wallaby, grey kangeroo, possum, short-beaked echidna, brown hare, introduced predators	Camera traps, audio radio transmitters, RFID tags	The cost of $70,000 to build the passages was 1.5% of the overall cost of upgrading Compton Road; Reduced road kill!	https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29468039Temporaltrendsinuseoffauna-friendlyunderpassesandoverpasses, https://www.griffith.edu.au/research/impact/compton-road-wildlife-corridor https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amy-Blacker/publication/
Compton Road Wildlife Culverts	Wet culverts. Customised culverts to act as tunnels for small animals to pass beneath the road.	South Brisbane	Australia	Queensland	Compton Road	Compton Road bisects some of the largest remnants of bushland in SE Queensland, specifically the Karawatha Forest; wildlife fatalities and damage to people/vehicles motivation for wildlife passes when road was being expanded	sheet metal strips so animals can't climb, fence is 2.48 m so animals can't cross, escape for small animals at the bottom of fence	2005			Small animals, koalas	Small animals	Camera traps, audio radio transmitters, RFID tags	The cost of $70,000 to build the passages was 1.5% of the overall cost of upgrading Compton Road; Reduced road kill!	https://www.griffith.edu.au/research/impact/compton-road-wildlife-corridor https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amy-Blacker/publication/29468039Temporaltrendsinuseoffauna-fri
Compton Road Glider Poles	Wooden poles	South Brisbane	Australia	Queensland	Compton Road	Compton Road bisects some of the largest remnants of bushland in SE Queensland, specifically the Karawatha Forest; wildlife fatalities and damage to people/vehicles motivation for wildlife passes when road was being expanded		2005			Squirrel gliders	Squirrel gliders	Hair traps and specialised infra-red cameras revealed the squirrel gliders were using the wooden poles at least once per week.	The cost of $70,000 to build the passages was 1.5% of the overall cost of upgrading Compton Road; Reduced road kill!	https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2011.00847.x, https://www.scu.edu.au/engage/news/latest-news/2013/how-did-the-gliding-mammal-cross-the-road-turning-power-poles-into-stepping-stones.php
Compton Road Rope Bridges	Rope ladders	South Brisbane	Australia	Queensland	Compton Road	Compton Road bisects some of the largest remnants of bushland in SE Queensland, specifically the Karawatha Forest; wildlife fatalities and damage to people/vehicles motivation for wildlife passes when road was being expanded		2005			Possums	Possums	Camera traps, audio radio transmitters, RFID tags	The cost of $70,000 to build the passages was 1.5% of the overall cost of upgrading Compton Road; Reduced road kill!	https://www.griffith.edu.au/research/impact/compton-road-wildlife-corridor,https://www.griffith.edu.au/research/impact/compton-road-wildlife-corridor https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amy-Blacker/publication/29468039Temporaltrendsinuseoffauna-fri
East Evelyn Road Fauna Underpasses	galvanized steel arch and concrete base	southern Atherton Tablelands	Australia	Queensland	East Evelyn Road	A road improvement project for a stretch of Evelyn Road included the construction of four wildlife underpasses; the road bisects isolated patches of upland rainforest that are a part of the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area	specifically no fencing to be experimental and to avoid further fragmentation for common species; specific vegetation is instead planted to encourage use	2001			Small mammals	10 small mammal species	roadkill surveys, IR cameras, tracks		https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1442-8903.2001.00084.x?casatoken=B4i-MKW021kAAAAA:qBoMDd1jNk2aJ5V3DpTH2Gbur0oliG6KmG2g2LiGSgQO1ep2IzaJr8X8p04TSet8nNsta8HBaY9MQ
Victorian Cattle Underpasses	a company with government funding builds cattle underpasses for farmers, over 45 built	Multiple locations	Australia	Victoria	rural and major roads	The Regional Development Fund (of the Victorian State Government) provided funding for the Cattle Underpass Scheme, mobilizing $3 mill ($50,000 per project) to build cattle underpasses; overseen by the Victorian Farmers Federation; high levels of satisfac	the farmer's fencing		3000000	driving cattle, reduce road fatalities	Cattle	cattle		Farmers who installed an underpass on average increased their herd size from 299 to 340 head.	https://www.underpass.com.au/, https://www.ccpcivilprecast.com.au/cattle-underpass-and-bridges
Mt. Cotton Road Koala Overpass	Purpose built steel gantry with fauna fence, wooden electical poles used to help koalas climb up	Burbank	Australia	Queensland	Mt. Cotton Road	Peri-urban contiguous bushland	fauna fence				Koalas	Koala	Camera trap	retrofit!	https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/koalas-tunnels-and-bridges-prove-effective-on-busy-roads-20160726-gqdsi2.html https://www.publish.csiro.au/wr/wr15153
Redland Bay Road	wooden planks	Capalaba	Australia	Queensland	Redland Bay Road	Urban riparian corridor; retrofitted existing culverts to have dry ledges to koalas would cross under roads					Koalas	Koala	Camera trap	retrofit!	https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/koalas-tunnels-and-bridges-prove-effective-on-busy-roads-20160726-gqdsi2.html https://www.publish.csiro.au/wr/wr15153
Moreton Bay Rd/Old Cleveland Rd Koala Crossing		Capalaba	Australia	Queensland	Moreton Bay Rd, Old Cleveland Rd	Urban riparian corridor, retrofitted a bridge underpass with a concrete footway for koalas	exisiting fauna fence was added upon				Koalas	Koala	Camera trap	retrofit!	https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/koalas-tunnels-and-bridges-prove-effective-on-busy-roads-20160726-gqdsi2.html https://www.publish.csiro.au/wr/wr15153
Cleveland-Redland Bay Road Koala Underpasses	dry ledges (unspecified what material)	Victoria Point	Australia	Queensland	Cleveland-Redland Bay Rd	Urban riparian corridor adjoining bushland reserve	fauna fence				Koalas	Koala	Camera trap	retrofit!	https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/koalas-tunnels-and-bridges-prove-effective-on-busy-roads-20160726-gqdsi2.html https://www.publish.csiro.au/wr/wr15153
Dayboro Road	large open bridge underpass	Petrie	Australia	Queensland	Dayboro Rd	Large bridge underpass was revegetated and fencing was added to existing structure; Urban parkland adjoining bushland reserve	fauna fence				Koalas	Koala	Camera trap	retrofit!	https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/koalas-tunnels-and-bridges-prove-effective-on-busy-roads-20160726-gqdsi2.html https://www.publish.csiro.au/wr/wr15153
Anzac Avenue	gravel fauna pathways under bridge with fauna fences	Kallangur	Australia	Queensland	Anzac Ave	Gravel fauna pathways under bridge with fauna fence; Urban riparian corridor	fauna fence				Koalas	Koala	Camera trap	retrofit!	https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/koalas-tunnels-and-bridges-prove-effective-on-busy-roads-20160726-gqdsi2.html, https://www.publish.csiro.au/wr/wr15153
Hume Freeway Glider Poles and Rope Bridge	rope and wood	Hume Freeway	Australia	Victoria	Hume Freeway	Gliders can only glide about 30-40 m, so they can't cross wide roads; arboreal species can't safely cross roads because the canopy is too far apart		2007			Suger gliders, possums	Squirrel glider, brushtail possum, common ringtail possums, sugar gliders, bush-tailed phascogales, goanna	Camera trap monitoring. Three-year monitoring program of two pairs of glide poles, as well as a canopy bridge, on the Oxley Highway at Port Macquarie, on the New South Wales mid-north coast.	inclusive of 250 other organizations at more local levels	https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-19/gliding-mammals-use-fauna-power-poles-to-cross-road-study-finds/9991528, https://lifeontheverge.net/2016/02/07/the-story-behind-the-structures/ https://theconversation.com/mysterious-poles-make-road-crossing-easier-f
Donaghy's Corridor	reforested land	North Queensland	Australia	Queensland		Crater Lakes NP and Wooroonooran NP have been isolated since 1940s; this corridor reconnects Lake Barrine Section Crater Lakes National Park to the east and Gadgara National Park to the west	shelterbelt trees	1999		reconnect isolated island patches that are both National Parks					https://www.treat.net.au/projects/donaghy.html https://site.emrprojectsummaries.org/2016/03/05/donaghys-corridor-restoring-tropical-forest-connectivity/ https://conservationcorridor.org/digests/2017/09/single-species-conservation-obstructs-australian-habi
Aich Wildlife Crossing	reinforced concrete	Bleiburg	Austria	Carinthia				2018		not specified					https://structurae.net/en/structures/aich-wildlife-crossing
Ecoduct over de Spoorweg		Sonian Forest	Belgium	Flemish Brabant	Railway	Connects two parts of Sonian Forest		2012							https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecopassage#citenote-1
Ecoduct De Munt		Loenhout	Belgium	Wuustwezel	E19	Connects parts of the Voorkempen together		2011	12000000						https://www.routeyou.com/nl-be/location/view/47449107/ecoduct-de-munt https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductDeMunt
Ecoduct De Warande		Bierbeek	Belgium	Flemish Brabant	N25	Connects eastern and western parts of the Meerdaalwoud		2005	2000000			Used intensively by deer, foxes, wild boars, stone martens, polecats and even raccoons, but also by rare reptiles and insects.Stone martens , forest bats , roe deer, foxes, wild boars, polecats,slow worm , viviparous lizard, raccoons		First Flemish ecoduct	https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecopassage#citenote-1,https://www.wikiwand.com/nl/Ecopassage, https://www.hln.be/dieren/zelfs-wasbeer-gebruikt-ecoduct-in-meerdaalwoud~a174d969/
Ecoduct Groenendaal		Hoeilaart	Belgium	Flemish Brabant	R0	Connects trees and grassland areas of Sonian Forest	Noise to prevent light and noise stunning	2018	6100000			Deer, fox, amphibians, insects	cameras		https://www.rtbf.be/info/regions/bruxelles/detailecoduc-de-groenendael-quel-est-le-bilan?id=10281729 https://www.sonianforest.be/lifeozon/works/ecoduct/
Ecoduct Kempengrens		Postel	Belgium	Antwerp	E34	On Netherlands-Belgium border	Walls made of rocks in cages	2014	7700000		16 wild mammal species (with the exception of bats), including wild boar, pine marten, squirrels	16 wild mammal species (with the exception of bats), including wild board, pine marten, squirrels, voles, mice, shrews, 8 species of bats Reptiles (smooth snkae, viviparous lizard, slowworm)	Retained an outside firm Natuurpunt to monitor using camaer traps and snake grates.		https://www.willemen.be/en/project/ecoduct-kempengrens-mol?fieldprojecttypetid=900 https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductKempengrens
Ecoduct Kikbeek	each tunnel is 62 long	Maasmechelen	Belgium	Limburg	A2/E314	Connects two parts of Hoge Kempen National Park		2005				78 spider species (23 Flemish red data list), wild boars , foxes , hares , deer , ermine and fitchew , bats, reptiles, amphibians, fringe tail , the water bat , the smooth tube , the heath frog and the natterjack			http://wikimapia.org/8772888/Ecoduct-Kikbeek https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuropeanrouteE314 https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductKikbeek https://structurae.net/en/structures/kikbeek-wildlife-crossin, https://www.wikiwand.com/nl/Ecopassageg
Ecoduct Konijnenpijp		Oud-Heverlee	Belgium	Flemish Brabant	N25	Meerdaal Forest		2020						It translates to Ecoduct "Rabbit Pipe" but it is unclear if this means rabbits are the target species Artist painted wildlife inside the tunnel,	https://www.hln.be/oud-heverlee/kunstenaar-dzia-beschildert-ecoduct-konijnenpijp~a6485c50/,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecopassage#citenote-1 https://wegenenverkeer.be/natuur-en-milieu/ontsnippering/ecoduct
Ecoveloduct		Zutendaal	Belgium	Limburg	E314	Hoge Kampen National Park; converted old bridge to wildlife overpass					deer	deer		,	https://fietsbult.wordpress.com/tag/ecoveloduct/,https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecopassage#citenote-1
Nevele Ecopassage	Exisitng bridge was converted into an "ecoveloduct" with a cycle path on one side and an unpaved part for animals to cross the highway; fencing to guide animals into the crossing	Deinze	Belgium	East Flanders	E40	Converted bridge on Cromekestraat (closed to traffic in 2019) to create one cycle path (paved) and an unpaved ecopassage with grass and woody debris side-by-side	"ecogrid" of fencing to get animals to use the corridor	2020							https://wegenenverkeer.be/werken/brug-wordt-ecoveloduct-over-e40-nevele-deinze
Fazenda Dourada	replanted with native flora		Brazil	Rio de Janeiro	cattle land, roadway	The Atlantic Forest used to be million square kilometers of dense tropical forest; contains 60% of Brazil's endangered species. This area of reforested land connects the Reserva Biologia Uniao and other forests and spans a roadway so animals (especially		2007	"several million"	reconnect forest fragments, espcially aid in golden tamarin movement	Golden lion tamarin	Golden tamarin, foxes, crab-eating raccoons, otters, birds	Associacao Mico Leao Dourado (AMLD), SavingNature	2019 confirmed use of the land bridge by tamarins, foxes, crab-eating raccoons, otters, birds	https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/04/brazilian-atlantic-forest-wildlife-corridor-bridge-animals-spd/ https://www.savetheliontamarin.org/news/2016/6/10/a-success-story-of-forest-restoration-fazenda-dourada-corrid.html https://savingnature.com/at
Golden Lion Tamarin Bridge		Silva Jardim	Brazil	Rio de Janeiro	BR-101	The BR-101 bisects parts of the Atlantic Forest, specifically separating Poco das Antas and Fazenda Igarape forests. It was being widened from a 2 to a 4-lane roadway and after petitioning, the construction company agreed to construct an over- and underpa	fence along reforested land patches (to prevent grazing)	2020			Golden lion tamarin		Camera traps		https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/21/science/tamarins-monkeys-brazil.html https://savingnature.com/atlantic-forest-of-brazil/
Rosanela Farm Corridor		Rosanela Farm	Brazil	Sao Paulo	Rosanela Farm land	Connecting Atlantic Forest fragments by reforesting Rosanela Farm in three seven-hectare plots; connects Morro do Diablo State Park and Black Lion Tamarin Ecological Station		2015	100000		Black lion tamarin	Black lion tamarin	Camera traps		https://savingnature.com/atlantic-forest-of-brazil/
Arboreal Rope Bridge	rope and wood	Bahia	Brazil	Bahia	Roadway	Rope bridge spanning across four-lane road to two forested areas					Arboreal species, especially monkeys				https://admin.bigglobaltravel.com/adventure/animal-bridges-and-crossings-tw/
Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas Restored Habitat		Pontal do Paranapanema	Brazil	Sao Paulo		Connecting Atlantic Forest in Portal de Paranapanema							GPS tracking of individuals, eDNA, soundscape		https://conservationcorridor.org/ccsg/what-we-do/projects-and-activities/guidelines/case-studies/ipe/ https://www.ipe.org.br/docs/artigocompleto/1359/corridors-for-lifeipebrazil.pdf
Black Lion Tamarin Canopy Bridge	wood	Morro do Diablo State Park	Brazil	Sao Paulo	Road	Black lion tamarins were incidentally observed crossing a dirt road; a canopy bridge was constructed in that spot in response		1991			Black lion tamarin	Black lion tamarin, capuchins	incidental observations		https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&assdt=0%2C34&q=Valladares-Padua%2C+C.%2C+Cullen%2C+L.+%26+Padua%2C+S.+%281995%29+A+pole+bridge+to+avoid+primate+road-kills%2C+Neotropical+Primates+3%281%29%3A+13-15.&btnG=
Banff National Park Overpasses		Banff National Park	Canada	Alberta	Trans-Canada Highway	Banff National Park is cut through by the TransCanada Highway. Critical habitat has been fragmented and the movement of animals restricted.		1997	100000		wildlife	Grizzlies, elk, red fox, hoary marmot, boreal toads, wolverines, lynx, garter snakes and beavers	Yes	Among large carnivores, mortality rates are 50 to 100 per cent lower along sections of the highway where overpasses and underpasses exist Overall reduced wildlife collisions by 80% 11 species of large mammals in Banff have used the structures more	https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/banffs-famed-wildlife-overpasses-turn-20-world-looks-canada-conservation-inspiration https://conservationcorridor.org/corridors-in-conservation/man-made-corridors/
Banff National Park Underpasses		Banff National Park	Canada	Alberta	Trans-Canada Highway	Banff National Park is cut through by the TransCanada Highway. Critical habitat has been fragmented and the movement of animals restricted.		1997	100000		wildlife	Black bears, mountain lions	Yes	Among large carnivores, mortality rates are 50 to 100 per cent lower along sections of the highway where overpasses and underpasses exist Overall reduced wildlife collisions by 80% 11 species of large mammals in Banff have used the structures more	https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/banffs-famed-wildlife-overpasses-turn-20-world-looks-canada-conservation-inspiration https://conservationcorridor.org/corridors-in-conservation/man-made-corridors/
Beijing Olympic Forest Park Green Bridge		Beijing Olympic Forest Park	China	Beijing	Beijing Fifth Ring Rd	The Beijing Olympic Forest Park was built for the 2008 Olympics (construction between 2003 and 2008); this Green Bridge connects the southern and northern parts of the parks that are bisected by the Fifth Ring Rd		2008		for people and animals					https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OlympicForestPark#Environmental https://www.gardenvisit.com/gardens/olympicforestparkbeijing http://www.china.org.cn/english/olympic/196849.htm
Titi Monkey Rope Bridges	2" nylon rope	Manuel Antonio	Costa Rica	Puntarenas	Roadway	The Titi monkey has about 3700 individuals left; they are threated by motor traffic and electricution from electric wires		2000			Titi monkeys	Titi monkeys, white-faced monkeys, sloths, porcupines, anteaters		Sponsored by school children	https://blog.education.nationalgeographic.org/2016/05/18/monkey-bridges-for-everyone/ https://www.podvolunteer.org/blog/protecting-monkeys-in-costa-rica-using-rope-bridg. https://www.podvolunteer.org/blog/protecting-monkeys-in-costa-rica-using-rope-bridge
Dedin Bridge	reinforced concrete	Delnice	Croatia	Primorje-Gorski Kotar	A6							Fox, badger, hare and roe deer use the bridge for foraging, eithergrazing grass or hunting small mammals and other vertebrates (amphibians and reptiles)			https://structurae.net/en/structures/dedin-tunnel, https://onedrive.live.com/?cid=3E2E9FF710ECC0B5&id=3E2E9FF710ECC0B5%21271717&parId=3E2E9FF710ECC0B5%21270726&o=OneUp
Hrabuvka Wildlife Crossing		Hrabuvka	Czechia	Olomouc Region	D1	Uhrinovsky creek needs to cross the D1		2008							https://structurae.net/en/structures/hrabuvka-wildlife-crossing-and-overpass-d1
Suchdol nad Odrou Wildlife Crossings		Suchdol nad Odrou	Czechia	Olomouc Region	D1	One underpass and one overpass on D1 (overpass: 326.1 km of Highway D1; underpass:325.6 km of Highway D1); The underpass and the overpass on Highway D1 near Suchdol nad Odrou are located just 500 meters apart. This situation is advantageous to compare ga	wooden bulwark on overpass	2008				Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), Brown hare (Lepus europaeus), Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), bear, moose, horses, dogs	Checked for tracks in the snow	low underpass not suitable for roe deer	http://forest-ngo.org/en/wmp-en/wildlife-crossings/205-wildlife-crossings-check-no-2 https://structurae.net/en/structures/suchdol-nad-odrou-wildlife-crossing-d1
Drahotuše Station Underpass (304,6 km)		Hranice	Czechia	Karlovy Vary	D1							Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), European hare (Lepus europaeus)	Checked for tracks in the snow	Limited possibility of tracking wild animals without snow cover (sand, mud).	http://forest-ngo.org/en/wmp-en/wildlife-crossings/54-wildlife-crossings-check-no-1
Underpass Milenovsky potok (303.9 km D1)	precast concrete	Hranice	Czechia	Karlovy Vary	D1		fence along road					Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Mustelid (Mustela sp.)	Checked for tracks in the snow, mud, and sand	Possible tracking of wild animals even without snow cover (sand, mud)	http://www.shp.eu/en/strasky-husty-a-partneri/projects/bridges/highway-bridges/buried-bridges-animal-crossings/bridge-across-the-milenovsky-creek-freeway-d47/
Drahotuše Station Underpass (302.1 km)		Hranice	Czechia	Karlovy Vary	D1							European badger (Meles meles), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), dog (Canis familiaris)	Camera traps and checking for tracks in the snow	Possible tracking of wild animals even without snow cover (sand, mud)	http://forest-ngo.org/en/wmp-en/wildlife-crossings/54-wildlife-crossings-check-no-1
Jenišovice Ecoduct	unspecified	Jenišovice	Czechia	Liberec Region		Built to connect a migration path from Ore Mountains to interior lands								not a success	https://praguemonitor.com/news/national/14/09/2016/2016-09-14-mfd-wildlife-crossings-costly-dysfunctional/
Bílinka Overpass		Bílinka	Czechia	Louny District	D8/E55	Connects between rocky slopes of the basalt peak Lovoš and Central Bohemian Highlands									http://forest-ngo.org/en/wmp-en/wildlife-crossings/493-overpass-bilinka-d8
Dolní Újezd Overpass		Dolní Újezd	Czechia	Olomouc Region	R35	First overpass in Czechia		1999							http://forest-ngo.org/en/wmp-en/wildlife-crossings
Jutland Underpass	unspecified	Aarhus	Denmark	Jutland	E45	Use of an underpass by wildlife was monitored, to see efficacy and behavior changes by animals						Red fox, badger, stone martins, roe deer	sand stations, camera trap		https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&assdt=0%2C34&q=REVIEW+OF+MITIGATION+MEASURES+USED+TO+DEAL+WITH+THE+ISSUES+OF+HABITAT+FRAGMENTATION%5C&btnG=
Koskenkylä Wildlife Corridors		Southern Finland	Finland		E18	The E18 was getting expanded so as part of the project, green bridges and animal underpasses were constructed		2014						5 green bridges and 4 underpasses	https://www.eib.org/en/projects/pipelines/all/20100352 https://news.cision.com/yit-oyj/r/e18-koskenkyla-kotka-motorway-opened-for-traffic-in-finland,c9889825 https://vayla.fi/en/projects/all-projects/e18-hamina-vaalimaa
Turku-Helsinki Overpass		Lohjanharju	Finland		Turku-Helsinki motorway	Fencing prevents large mammals (like elk) from migrating and colonizing new areas; this overpass helps mitigate		2006		to allow colonization of new areas		Deer, rabbit, fox			https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/wildlifecorridorscouldeliminatefour-fifthsofroadkill/8774795
Eckartswiller Wildlife Bridge	wood	Eckartswiller	France	Grand-Est	A4			1976							https://structurae.net/en/structures/eckartswiller-wildlife-bridge
Les Adrets-de-l'Estérel Wildlife Crossing	reinforced concrete	Les Adrets-de-l'Estérel	France	Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur	A8		wooden walls on overpass, guide fencing	2017							https://structurae.net/en/structures/les-adrets-de-l-esterel-wildlife-crossing
Néronde Bat Bridge	U ‐ shaped metal structure with a grid parallel to the road was installed to help bats to better detect the overpass and to force them to fly at a safe height across the road	Millonnais	France	Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes	A89	To mitigate the fragmenting effect of the road and restore connectivity, two overpasses (MP & TR) were placed within the bat commuting routes identified during the preconstruction EIA.		2013			Bats		two automatic acoustic recorders per site (Song Meter SM2Bat +, Wildlife Acoustics Inc.), one on each side of the overpass (henceforth referred to as a “pair”).	Overall, our results show that bat overpasses are more successful when they are placed in a location with forested areas on both side of the road and that they are avoided when placed in open habitats such as farmland.A bat overpass is more likely to fail	https://structurae.net/en/structures/neronde-bat-bridge, https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2664.13288, https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/978
Urcel Wildlife Crossing	reinforced concrete	Urcel	France	Hauts-de-France	RN2/D23										https://structurae.net/en/structures/wildlife-overpass
Ecoduct Birkenau		Birkenau	Germany	Hessen	B38										https://littlethings.com/lifestyle/animal-bridge
Green Bridge Schermbeck		Schermbeck	Germany	North Rhine-Westfalia	A31	Forests on the East side of the roadway are very small and needed to be connected to the West to prevent inbreeding and declining populations of deer		2012	4500000	game path			seven camera traps	35th bridge built in Germany; funding from Netherlands, too,mice have moved on the the bridge permanenty while most other species just pass through	https://alrasub.com/germany-spends-millions-on-animal-only-bridges/,https://www.thelocal.de/20130918/51975 https://heimatreport.de/wild-nimmt-das-naturnahe-bauwerk-grunbrucke-a-31-gut-an/ https://schermbeck-online.de/grunbrucke-wird-sehr-gut-angenommen/
Barnekow Wildlife Overpass	reinforced and prestressed concrete	Barnekow	Germany	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	A20			1996	2900000	not specified					https://structurae.net/en/structures/barnekow-wildlife-overpass
Grünbrücke bei Beelitz	steel-enforced concrete	Beelitz-Heilstätten	Germany	Brandenburg	A9	1 of 10 in Brandenburg: Networking Brandenburg wildlife corridor		2018	4600000			Fallow deer, roe deer, wild boar, fox, badgers, house cats, raccoon dogs, wolves, moose	cameras		https://www.maz-online.de/Lokales/Potsdam-Mittelmark/Bruecke-fuer-Reh-Fuchs-und-Hase
Burkvitz Forest Wildlife Crossing	substructure: concrete, steel; superstructure: wood	Samtens	Germany	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	E22			2019	4200000						https://structurae.net/en/structures/burkvitz-forest-wildlife-crossing
Grünbrücke (A72)	reinforced concrete	Autobahn 72	Germany		A72		railing, tall fencing	2003							https://structurae.net/en/structures/green-bridge-a-72
Grünbrücke Aichelberg		Aichelberg	Germany	Baden-Württemberg	A8							Bats		Hiking trail crosses bridge,	https://www.komoot.de/highlight/1135290,https://structurae.net/en/structures/grunbrucke-aichelberg
Grünbrücke Hohenlinden		Überlingen	Germany	Baden-Württemberg	Bundesstrasse B31n			1993							https://structurae.net/en/structures/grunbrucke-hohenlinden
Grünbrücke Nietheim	reinforced concrete	Heidenheim	Germany	Baden-Württemberg	A7			2011	2850000						https://structurae.net/en/structures/grunbrucke-nietheim
Hainhulz Green Bridge	reinforced concrete	Prunstorf	Germany	Schleswig-Holstein	A20			2007	2450000						https://structurae.net/en/structures/hainholz-green-bridge
Heinzenberg Wildlife Crossing	reinforced concrete, hybrid timber	Nettersheim	Germany	North Rhine-Westfalia	A1		wood walls	2012	3500000						https://structurae.net/en/structures/heinzenberg-wildlife-crossing
Kanalbrücke über die Stever	Ruhr sandstone	Olfen	Germany	North Rhine-Westfalia	Stever	Crosses Stever, part of historic Dortmund-Ems-Kanal; the renatured recreation area Steverauen starts at the bridge and has semi-wild grazing animals		1894		originally a canal; now no more water and people/animals can cross					https://structurae.net/en/structures/kanalbrucke-uber-die-stever https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanalbr%C3%BCcke%C3%BCberdieStever
Klein-Flöthe Wildlife Overpass	reinforced concrete	Flöthe	Germany	Lower Saxony	A395			1994							https://structurae.net/en/structures/klein-flothe-wildlife-overpass
Brücke Postweg	reinforced concrete	Halle	Germany	North Rhine-Westfalia	A33	Overpass over A33 and allows Postweg road parallel to animal zone		2018	3630000						https://structurae.net/en/structures/postweg-overpass
Teupitz Wildlife Crossing	reinforced concrete	Treupitz	Germany	Brandenburg	A13/BAB9	1 of 10 in Brandenburg		2011	4260000			Deer, roe deer, red fox, wild boar, brown hare, wolf, badger, racoon dog, raccoon, domestic cat, marten	Camera trap monitoring		https://structurae.net/en/structures/teupitz-wildlife-crossing https://forst.brandenburg.de/sixcms/media.php/9/gruebrue2020.pdf
Wiesenhagen Wildlife Crossing	reinforced concrete foundations, wooden arch and deck	Trebbin	Germany	Brandenburg	Bundesstrasse 101	1 of 10 in Brandenburg		2012	3070000						https://structurae.net/en/structures/wiesenhagen-wildlife-crossing
Wildbrücke Wilmshagen	reinforced concrete and timber	Sundhagen	Germany	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	B96n			2004	1540000						https://structurae.net/en/structures/wilmshagen-wildlife-crossing
Grünbrücke Würtembergle	reinforced concrete	Radolfzell am Bodensee	Germany	Baden-Württemberg	B33			1989	940770						https://structurae.net/en/structures/wurtembergle-bridge
Niemegk Grünbrücke		Niemegk	Germany	Brandenburg	BAB9	1 of 10 in Brandenburg		2012	1000000			Fallow deer, wild boar, roe deer, red fox, bedger, racoon dog, wolf, brown hare, domestic cat, red deer, racoon, marten, doestic sheep, stork	Camera traps from 2012 to 2019 (vandalism destroyed some footage before 2013)		https://www.maz-online.de/Lokales/Potsdam-Mittelmark/Seit-2012-gibt-es-die-Gruenbruecke-ueber-die-A9-bei-Niemegk https://forst.brandenburg.de/sixcms/media.php/9/gruebrue2020.pdf
Kersdorf Grünbrücke		Kersdorf	Germany	Brandenburg	BAB9	1 of 10 in Brandenburg						Deer, roe deer, red fox, wild boar, brown hare, wolf, badger, raccoon dog, raccoon, domestic cat, marten	Camera traps monitoring		https://forst.brandenburg.de/sixcms/media.php/9/gruebrue2020.pdf
Wildschutzbrücke Thyrow	wood	Trebbin	Germany	Brandenburg	Bundesstrasse 101, 14974 Trebbin / Thyrow	1 of 10 in Brandenburg		2019		for humans and animals				largest wooden bridge in Europe	https://www.remmers.com/de/references/wildschutzbruecke-thyrow/detail/19140 https://forst.brandenburg.de/sixcms/media.php/9/gruebrue2020.pdf
Grünbrücke bei Warnitz		Warnitz	Germany	Brandenburg	BAB11	1 of 10 in Brandenburg, in Biosphere Reserve (BSR) Schorfheide-Chorin within the Melzower Forest nature reserve.		2014				Red deer, fallow deer, roe deer, wild boar, brown hare, red fox, badger, marten, raccoon dog, raccoon, domestic cat, crane, other birds	Camera trap monitoring; part of a 10-year success study		https://www.ls.brandenburg.de/mediafast/4055/LFE1%20Zwischenbericht%202017Gr%C3%BCnbr%C3%BCcke%20Melzow.pdf https://forst.brandenburg.de/sixcms/media.php/9/gruebrue2020.pdf
Stadtkyll Overpass		Stadtkyll	Germany	Rhineland-Palatinate	Bundestrasse 51			2018							https://interestingengineering.com/29-of-the-most-heartwarming-wildlife-crossings-around-the-world
Freiburg Grünbrücke		Freiburg	Germany	Baden-Württemberg	BAB5/NBS		noise control walls								https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwienfur6TuAhVJ11kKHW4RClwQFjAAegQIARAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karlsruhe-basel.de%2Ffreiburgschallstadt-pfa-8-2.html%3Ffile%3Dfiles%2Fpage%2F02aktuelles%2F06downloads
Freiburg Fledermausbrücke		Freiburg	Germany	Baden-Württemberg	BAB5/NBS	Bat bridge					Bats				https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwienfur6TuAhVJ11kKHW4RClwQFjAAegQIARAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karlsruhe-basel.de%2Ffreiburgschallstadt-pfa-8-2.html%3Ffile%3Dfiles%2Fpage%2F02aktuelles%2F06downloads
Altfranken Landscape Tunnel		Altfranken	Germany	Sachsen	A17	The A17 cuts through Lucknerpark (Altfranken Park) so an underpass was constructed and reforested		2004							https://structurae.net/en/structures/altfranken-tunnel https://de.zxc.wiki/wiki/TunnelAltfranken
Meuschaer Höhe Landscape Tunnel	reinforced concrete; large cross section for light and ventilation	Dohna	Germany	Sachsen	A17	This tunnel keeps the Meuscha desert more in tact; "Am Robisch" path leads to bridge		2005		protecting the desert from nitrogen oxide fumes from traffic					https://structurae.net/de/bauwerke/landschaftsbruecke-meuschaer-hoehe https://de.zxc.wiki/wiki/LandschaftstunnelMeuschaerH%C3%B6he
Harthe Landscape Tunnel	reinforced concrete	Geising	Germany	Sachsen	A17	Connects forests and meadows of the Harthe		2006	1200000						https://structurae.net/en/structures/harthe-tunnel https://de.zxc.wiki/wiki/LandschaftstunnelHarthe
B31 Fledermausbrücke	corrugated metal sheets, concrete base	Fischbach	Germany	Rhineland-Palatinate	B31			2020	1600000		Bats				https://www.suedkurier.de/region/bodenseekreis/friedrichshafen/warum-es-an-der-b-31-neu-eine-bruecke-nur-fuer-fledermaeuse-gibt;art372474,10573828
India NH-7/44 Underpasses		Kanha-Pench	India	Madhya Pradesh	NH-7/44	Connects Kanha and Pench wildlife parks under 6-land highway		2018				Dholes, tigers, wild dogs, spotted deer, leopard, guar, sloth bear, civet cats, langurs	CCTV cameras and camera traps		https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/a-wild-wild-road/article29360610.ece https://www.thebetterindia.com/190973/india-first-wildlife-underpass-kanha-pench-corridor-tigers/
Israeli Eco-Bridge		Between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem	Israel		Highway 1	As the Road 1 (Highway 1) gets straightened and widened, an ecobridge is beign built to connect green areas		2016	$800,000,000 (whole road widening project)			Deer, gazelles, wild boar, foxes, jackals, hyenas, porcupines, reptiles			https://www.israel21c.org/why-do-foxes-jackals-and-hyenas-cross-israels-highway-1/ https://blog.theanimalrescuesite.greatergood.com/cs-Israeli-ecobridge-build/
Japan Turtle Tunnels		Nara	Japan	Nara	Railway	West Japan Railway Company teamed up with Suma Aqualife aquarium to create 5 U-shaped tunnels for turtle crossings that reduce fatalities and prevent train delays		2015		reduce wildlife mortality, prevent turtles from getting stuck in switches and getting smooshed; reduce train delays	Turtles		monthly monitoring effort by West Japan Railway Company	10 turtles saved in few months; 13 train distruptions between 2002 and 2014 reduced in 2015	https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-02/japan-built-these-adorable-railroad-tunnels-to-help-turtles-cross-train-tracks https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/11/30/national/jr-west-aquarium-solve-turtle-linked-rail-disruptions/#.Vl72oL-Kbqt htt
Mt. Kenya National Forest Elephant Underpass		Mt. Kenya National Park	Kenya			Reconnects Ngare Nadare Forest/Lewa with Mt. Kenya Forest (interior Kenya) between two distinct elephant populations that were historically connected		2010	250000		African elephant	Elephants			https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2011/01/28/133302985/elephant-underpass-connects-cousins-in-kenya
Rengelbur Wildlife Crossing		Steinsel	Luxembourg	Luxembourg Canton	A7	Grünewald section	fence along road and on overpass	2015							https://structurae.net/en/structures/rengelbur-wildlife-crossing
Roost Wildlife Crossing		Mersch	Luxembourg	Mersch	A7	Road bisects Sentier nature et forêt PËTTENERBËSCH		2001							https://structurae.net/en/structures/roost-wildlife-crossing
Natuurbrug Zanderij Crailoo		Hilversum	Netherlands	Noord-Holland	N524 roadway, Railways	World's longest wildlife overpass; surrounded by Veluwe (1,000 sq km of protected land)	border of trees	2006	14.75 million euros		Red deer, wild boar, ree, das, pine marten, pole cat, ermine, weasel, squirrel, crested newt, small newt, natterjack toad, moor frog, water frog, adder, smooth hose, grass snake, slowworm, viviparous lizard, sand lizard.	In one year nearly 5,000 animals made use of the crossing. Thirteen mammal species, six amphibian species, two reptile species.	Spore beds/sand traps (mammals), transect surveys (amhibians, reptiles), infrared counters	Badgers did not appear near the bridge and weren't included in the original plan. They have since appeared. Hedgehog and polecat are regular passers-by on the nature bridge,although these species do not yet pass weekly. The other mammal species Page 14	https://www.webholism.com/blog/holly-strauss/wildlife-bridges-and-ecoducts/, https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/natuurbrug-zanderij-crailoo https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatuurbrugZanderijCrailoo https://conservationcorridor.org/corridors-in-conservati
Ecoduct De Borkeld		Rijssen	Netherlands	Overijssel	A1 / E30	Within Veluwe nature reserve; near the De Borkeld nature reserve		2003			Where initially only large ungulates (cerviduct) were referred to as the target species the ecoduct has since been regarded as a natural bridge for the widest possible range species that occur in the wider area.	Bicycle lane,	Camera Traps	Bicycle lane!,On the spot where the ecoduct is now located, a narrow gauge railway used to run from Rijssen to a brick factory in the countryside. In 2019-2020, the A1 at the ecoduct will be widened to 2x3 lanes.	https://www.zja.nl/nl/Ecoduct-De-Borkeld,https://www.zja.nl/en/Ecoduct-De-Borkeld https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductDeBorkeld
Ecoduct Laarderhoogt		Bussum	Netherlands	Noord-Holland	A1 / E231	Connects the northern and southern parts of the Gooi; Connects the nature reserves of the Gooi and the Utrechtse Heuvelrug. When opened, this was the fifth ecoduct in the A1 motorway		2015	11.5 million euros						https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatuurbrugLaarderhoogt https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductLaarderhoogt https://structurae.net/en/structures/laarderhoogt-wildlife-crossing
Ecoduct Kootwijkerzand		Kootwijk	Netherlands	Gelderland	A1 / E30, Railway	Within Veluwe nature reserve; connects the forests west of Kootwijk with the nature reserve Kootwijkerzand north of the A1; The Kootwijkerzand is the largest drifting sand area in Europe		2018	3 million euros		Fauna species associated with forests and fauna species associated with heathland and drifting sand.	Common shrew, wood mouse, roe deer, white-toothed shrew, pine marten, wild boar, field vole and red deer.	Camera Traps	7500 sq m area,Also known as Faunapassage Kootwijkerzand. Species such as mice and reptiles colonize the 'new territories' on the ecoduct, deer rest and graze during the day in the middle of the ecoduct	https://www.royalhaskoningdhv.com/en-gb/projects/wildlife-passage-kootwijkerzand/8450,https://www.wegenwiki.nl/FaunapassageKootwijkerzand
Ecoduct Dr. Harm Van De Veen		Kootwijk	Netherlands	Gelderland	A1 / E30	Connection between parts of the Veluwe that is intersected by the A1		1998			Where initially only large ungulates (cerviduct) were referred to as the target species the ecoduct has since been regarded as a natural bridge for the widest possible range species that occur in the wider area.	7 mammals. Red deer, roe deer, wild boar are incidental users. Also filed mice, ground mice,field shrew,house shrew,	Camera Traps	Species such as mice and reptiles colonize the 'new territories' on the ecoduct, deer rest and graze during the day in the middle of the ecoduct	https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland
Ecoduct Hoog Buurlo		Hoog Buurlo	Netherlands	Apeldoorn	A1 / E30	Within Veluwe nature reserve; connects the crown domain Het Loo part of the Veluwe		2011			Where initially only large ungulates (cerviduct) were referred to as the target species the ecoduct has since been regarded as a natural bridge for the widest possible range species that occur in the wider area.	89 species. Red deer and wild board are frequent users. Also hare, fox, badgers, pine martens, bats, slowworm, sand lizard, viviparous lizard, grass snake,mongrel frog, little newt, brown frog,common toad, 40 bird species,	Camera Traps	Species such as mice and reptiles colonize the 'new territories' on the ecoduct, deer rest and graze during the day in the middle of the ecoduct	https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductHoogBuurlo
Ecoduct Oxersteeg		Deventer	Netherlands	Overijssel	A1 / E30	It does not connect natural areas	wooden fences along corridor	2020		Not connecting natural areas, a vehicle and pedestrian crossing with additional space for wildlife		Deer, badgers, martens and amphibians			https://www.ad.nl/deventer/mountainbikers-ontdekken-en-gebruiken-wildpassage-op-viaduct-a1-bij-deventer~a26feb4b/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F
Ecoduct Ir. HJW Snijders		Oldenzaal	Netherlands	Overijssel	A1 / E30	Boerskotten nature reserve intersected by A1 is reconnected; Ecological connection in the Boerskotten nature reserve.		1992				Large and small game, deer and badgers use it		relatively narrow corridor (at 15 m)	https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir.H.J.W.Snijders-ecoduct https://www.wegenwiki.nl/Ir.H.J.W.SnijdersEcoduct
Ecoduct Autena		Hagestein	Netherlands	Utrecht	A2 / E25	The ecoduct connects two parts of the Autena polder		2010						relatively narrow corridor (at 15 m)	https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductAutena
Ecoduct Lage Veld		Beesd	Netherlands	Gelderland	A2 / E25	Connects the Beesdsche Veld, also known as the Beesdsche Lage Veld, an area with fragmented pieces of forest.		2010						The ecoduct was constructed as part of the widening of the A2 from 2x2 to 2x4 lanes in 2010. Also called Ecoduct Beesdsche Veld	https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductLageVeld
Natuurbrug Het Groene Woud		Boxtel	Netherlands	Noord-Brabant	A2 / E25	The ecoduct connects two parts of Het Groene Woud, specifically wetlands that are bisected by the motorway	2.5 m high embankments to reduce disturbance from traffic	2005		Population increase; specifically for amphibians	Ampbhibians (generally), red deer, tree frog	Common toad, common frog, marsh frog, edible frog, smooth newt and great crested newt were all found on the ecoduct.			https://www.naturetoday.com/intl/nl/nature-reports/message/?msg=25861 https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatuurbrugHetGroeneWod, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/green-bridges-safer-travel-for-wildlife
Ecoduct Groote Heide		Borrowed	Netherlands	Noord-Brabant	A2 / E25	Connects the natural Groote Heide and Valkenhorst together		2013							https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductGrooteHeide
Natuurbrug Weerterbergen		Weert	Netherlands	Limburg	A2 / E25, Railway	The nature bridge connects the Weerterbos with the Weerter and Budeler mountains. Budeler mountains forms a nature reserve of approximately 900 hectares and is an important bird breeding area.		2013						also gets private funding (ProRail),Natuurbrug Weerterbergen	https://www.wegenwiki.nl/NatuurbrugWeerterbergen,https://www.wegenwiki.nl/NatuurbrugWeerterbergen
Ecoducts Bunderbosch en Kalverbosch		Meerssen	Netherlands	Limburg	A2 / E25	The works of art form a single connection that connects the nature reserves of the Maas valley and the Geuldal. The Bunderbos is located on either side of the ecoducts.	screens to prevent disturbance from traffic and street lights	2013						TWO overpasses! Artificially replanted with rocks, branches, pond Specific walkway for human crossings,	https://a2maastricht.nl/bouw-techniek/kunstwerken/ecoducten,https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductenBunderbosch/Kalverbosch
Eco-aqueduct Zweth en Slinksloot		Schiedam	Netherlands	South Holland	A4	The Zweth and the Slinksloot are two small waterways that flow here on the A4. This eco-aqueduct connects both parts of the nature reserve Central Delfland which is bisected by the A4. Connects both parts of the Midden-Delfland nature reserve, which is in		2015		Allow aquatic wildlife to cross					https://www.wegenwiki.nl/Eco-aquaductZwethenSlinksloot https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-aquaductZwethenSlinksloot
Ecoduct Mollebos		Austerlitz	Netherlands	Utrecht	A12 / E35, Railway	The ecoduct Mollebos a wildlife crossing on the motorway A12 and the railway Utrecht-Arnhem between Driebergen and Maarn , near the village of Austerlitz .		2013		Species had disappeared from their native lands due to fragmentation	Red deer, roe deer, badger, pine marten, sand lizard, slowworm, but also insects	Deer, badgers, bats and reptiles			https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoductMollebos https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductMollebos
Ecoduct Rumelaar		Woudenberg	Netherlands	Utrecht	A12 / E35, Railway	The ecoduct connects the Rumelaar nature reserve north of the A12 and the railway line with the Leersumsche Veld to the south of it; The Rumelaar ecoduct spans the A12, the parallel railway line from Utrecht to Arnhem, and two local access roads parallel		2012							https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductRumelaar
Ecoduct Jac. P. Thijsse		Ede	Netherlands	Gelderland	A12 / E35	The ecoduct connects the Planken Wambuis and Reijerscamp nature reserves in the Veluwe		2012		Connect to parts of Veluwe: connects the Planken Wambuis and Reijerscamp nature reserves	Where initially only large ungulates (cerviduct) were referred to as the target species the ecoduct has since been regarded as a natural bridge for the widest possible range species that occur in the wider area.	121 species 13 mammals,5 bats.,34 birds. Hedgehog, mole, wood shrew, badger, pine martin, red deer, field mouse, wood mouse,hare,rabbit,pipistrelle bat,scraggly pipiestrelle,late kite,red bat,Myotis spec,lizards,amphibians,butterflies,dragonflies	Looking for tracks in sand	Fence lowered in 2013 so large animals could use the viaduct. Species such as mice and reptiles colonize the 'new territories' on the ecoduct, deer rest and graze during the day in the middle of the ecoduct	https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductJac.P.Thijsse https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoductJac.P.Thijsse
Ecopassage Koekendaal		Doetinchem	Netherlands	Gelderland	A18	The Koekendaal ecoduct connects the De Wrange nature reserve on the east side of Doetinchem.		2019							https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductKoekendaal
Ecoduct Zwaluwenberg		Hilversum	Netherlands	Noord-Holland	A27, N417, Railway	Built to restore the Heuvelrug and the Gooi between the Grebbeberg and the Gooimeer into one area. Creating continuous park reducing fragmentation		2013		Making a continuous park	Deer, badger, pine marten, sand lizard, ground beetle and heather blue; butterfly, slow worm	Slowworm, viviparious lizard, grass snake, common toad, brwon frog.	Radio-collared badgers, camera traps		https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatuurverbindingZwaluwenberg https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductZwaluwenberg
Ecoduct Sterrenberg (Huis ter Heide)		Soesterberg	Netherlands	Utrecht	A28 / E30	The ecoduct connects two parts of the Utrechtse Heuvelrug.		2012			Small mammals, slowworm, sand lizard, ground beetles, forest ants,	6 mammals .Rabbit, deer and fox are most frequent.Polecat occasional.Also hare,pine marten.Hedgehog in area did not cross. Slowworm,sand lizard,brown frog,field mouse,luster beetles,butterflies,grasshoppers,ground beetles,28 birds, bats	Camera traps / bitumen corrugated plats for small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, ground beetles (spring / summer 2014). Also traffic fatalites	Also called Ecoduct Beukbergen	https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductSterrenberg
Ecoduct Leusderheide		Soesterberg	Netherlands	Utrecht	A28 / E30	Since the closure of the Soesterberg Air Force Base this ecoduct connects a newly formed nature reserve		2005							https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductLeusderheide
Ecoduct Hulshorst		Harderwijk	Netherlands	Gelderland	A28 / E232, Railway	The ecoduct connects nature reserves such as the Hulshorster Zand with the Belvedère forest, both part of the Veluwe.		2011			Where initially only large ungulates (cerviduct) were referred to as the target species the ecoduct has since been regarded as a natural bridge for the widest possible range species that occur in the wider area.	69 species. Red deer, hare and fox are frequent users. Others include polecat, pine marten, bats, slowworm, dragonflies,grasshoppers, 46 bird species, badgers.	Camera Traps	Species such as mice and reptiles colonize the 'new territories' on the ecoduct, deer rest and graze during the day in the middle of the ecoduct	https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductHulshorst
Ecoduct Marinier der 1e klasse Marc Harders		Spier	Netherlands	Drenthe	A28 / E232	The ecoduct connects the Dwingelderveld with the Terhorsterzand		2013						also called Ecoduct Dwingelderveld	https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductMarcHarders https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoductMarinierder1eklasseMarcHarders
Ecoduct Meandering		Gieten	Netherlands	Drenthe	N33	In combination with the river Hunze		2014							https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland
Ecopassage and Ecotunnel Twilhaar		Nijverdal	Netherlands	Overijssel	N35, Railway			2011							https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductTwilhaar
Ecoduct Notterveld		Nijverdal	Netherlands	Overijssel	N35, Railway	Context: connects Notterveld and Wierdense Veld Part of Nature Network program Government funding,		2021			Reptiles (including Smooth snake, Sand lizard, Amphibians (Heikikker), mammals (Ree, Badger, Fringed tail) , birds (Nightjar) and insects (Heideblauwtje),			Context: connects Notterveld and Wierdense Veld Part of Nature Network program Government funding,	https://www.tubantia.nl/hellendoorn/notterveld-naam-nieuw-ecoduct-nijverdal~ad3ea38d/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fduckduckgo.com%2F,https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland
Ecopassage Doorbraak		Almelo	Netherlands	Overijssel	A35	Game passage was created when new water diversion was built		2007		To dig a new stream between two bodies of water; game passage added					https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorbraak(beek)
Ecoduct Oudste Grond		Boekelo	Netherlands	Overijssel	A35	Connects the nature reserves Twekkelo and Boekelerveld.		2020						Work had been halted due to noise complaints and concerns about soil substance; injunction was rejected by the State and construction continued	https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductOudsteGrond
Combiduct Stiggeltie		Linde	Netherlands	Drenthe	N48	Connects the Sallandse Heuvelrug and the Drents Plateau		2011				Badger, viper, polecat, ermine, weasel, stone marten, red vole, roe deer, slow worm, moor frog, viviparous lizard, grass snake, gentian blue, moor moth, ground beetles, bats. In the longer term, red deer, wild boar and wolf			https://www.mjpo.nl/waar-in-nederland/drenthe/263/ecoduct-linde-%7C-ecoduct-stiggeltie-rv.html
Combiduct Suthwalda		Zuidwolde	Netherlands	Drenthe	N48			2011							https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland
Ecoduct Tolhuis		Heerde	Netherlands	Gelderland	A50	Connects areas within in the Veluwe: connects the Oldebroekse Heide and Wezeperheide with Landgoed Petrea and the Zwolse Bos		2011			Where initially only large ungulates (cerviduct) were referred to as the target species the ecoduct has since been regarded as a natural bridge for the widest possible range species that occur in the wider area.	83 species, including 45 birds, 25 dragonflies. Wild boar,roe deer,red deer,fox are frequent users. Also pine marten, 3 species of bat, reptiles, amphibians	Camera Traps	New habitat east of ecoduct now colonized by wild boar and red deer. Species such as mice and reptiles colonize the 'new territories' on the ecoduct, deer rest and graze during the day in the middle of the ecoduct	https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductTolhuis
Ecoduct Woeste Hoeve		Loenen	Netherlands	Apeldoorn	A50	Connects areas within in the Veluwe	Line of trees planted as a barrier; earthen walls to reduce traffic disturbance	1988	16000000		Where initially only large ungulates (cerviduct) were referred to as the target species the ecoduct has since been regarded as a natural bridge for the widest possible range species that occur in the wider area.	The two ecoducts across the A50 were used by nearly 5,000 deer and wild boar during a one-year period (Bank et al. 2002). Wild boar, red deer, red fox, roe deer, badger, domestic cat. Red deer and wild boar most frequent.	Camera Traps	Oldest ecoduct in Netherlands (another ecoduct opened the same day). Three tunnels for three motorways under the overpas. Species such as mice and reptiles colonize the 'new territories' on the ecoduct, deer rest and graze during the day in the middle of	https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/WildwisselWoesteHoeve https://www.wegenwiki.nl/WildwisselWoesteHoeve https://www.researchgate.net/profile/W-F-De-Boer/publication/259358634Theuseofthe%27WoesteHoeve%27wildlifeoverpassbymammals/links/0046353bd1
Wildwissel Terlet		Arnhem	Netherlands	Gelderland	A50	Connects areas within in the Veluwe: serves as a connecting zone between two areas of Natuurmonumenten : Veluwezoom National Park and the Deelerwoud . This ecoduct is also intended for Highland cattle who have been deployed in both areas for grazing manag	Line of trees planted as a barrier	1988		Grazing management	Where initially only large ungulates (cerviduct) were referred to as the target species the ecoduct has since been regarded as a natural bridge for the widest possible range species that occur in the wider area.	The two ecoducts across the A50 were used by nearly 5,000 deer and wild boar during a 1-year period (Bank et al. 2002). Also spidersFallow deer,Ree,Scottish Highlander,moths,Viviparous lizard,sand lizard,adder,grass snake,little newt,natterjack toad,bees	Camera Traps	Oldest ecoduct in Netherlands (another ecoduct opened the same day). Species such as mice and reptiles colonize the 'new territories' on the ecoduct, deer rest and graze during the day in the middle of the ecoduct	https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/WildwisselTerlet https://www.wegenwiki.nl/WildwisselTerlet https://structurae.net/en/structures/terlet-wildlife-crossing
Ecoduct Wolfhezerheide		Wolfheze	Netherlands	Gelderland	A50	The Wolfhezerheide, after which the ecoduct is named, is a nature reserve southeast of the A50 with an area of approximately 264 hectares.Context: connects the Wolfhezerheide to the Doorwerthse Heide Pedestrian crossing.Context: connects the Wolfhezerhe		2011			This ecoduct is primarily designed for reptiles and amphibians, such as the smooth snake and sand lizard,	66 species.Of large ungulates, only deer and beef use the ecoduct. Also rabbit,vole, 4 reptiles,mongrel frog,brown frog,dragonflies (low density),smooth snake,sand lizard,baran lizard,grasshoppers, butterflies.		Low usage by mammals, despite other large ungulates found in the area.	https://www.wandelmagazine.nu/wandelen-in-wolfheze-langs-wodanseiken-en-wolfhezerheide/ https://heelsumsbeekdal.nl/ecoduct-wolfhezerheide/,https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductWolfhezerheide
Ecoduct Herperduin		Oss	Netherlands	Noord-Brabant	A50			2014			32 target species for the Natural Bridge have been identified: 21 mammal species, 1 reptile species, 9 amphibian species and 1 butterfly species.Opened for large grazers ( Tauros , Exmoor ponies and in future bison ) in 2019				https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductHerperduin
Ecoduct Slabroek		Nistelrode	Netherlands	Noord-Brabant	A50	Built to compensate for damage caused by new highway built		2005		To compensate for A50 construction				At overpass Slabroek the mean number of crossings per year of badger and polecat exceeded the national mean. However, crossing frequencies which were lower than the national mean were recorded for roe deer, red fox, European hare, rabbit and red squirrel,	https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductSlabroek
Ecoduct Waterloo		Swalmen	Netherlands	Limburg	A73, Railway			2007							https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland
Ecopassage Swalm		Swalmen	Netherlands	Limburg	A73, River			2008							https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland
Ecoduct Schinheuvel		Roermond	Netherlands	Limburg	A73			2006							https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland
Ecoduct Kruutsboum		Sint Odiliënberg	Netherlands	Limburg	A73, Railway			2006							https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland
Ecoduct Steilrand		Tegelen	Netherlands	Limburg	A74			2012							https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland
Ecoduct Wambach		Tegelen	Netherlands	Limburg	A74			2012						Designed for climate change driven movements of plants and animals; special design to retain water,	https://www.mjpo.nl/nieuws-publicaties/218/ecoduct-wambach-het-eerste-klimaatbestendige-ecoduct.html,https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductWambach
Natuurbrug Zeepoort		Overveen	Netherlands	Noord-Holland	N200	Part of National Ecological Netweork (EHS) to connect habitat fragments; connection within National Park Zuid-Kennemerland		2017	5.5 million euros		18 target species: 3 mammals (Fallow deer, Roe deer, Rabbit), 2 reptiles (Slowworm, Sand lizard), 1 amphibian (Natterstripe toad), a bird (Nightingale), 6 butterflies, 2 ground beetles and 3 grasshoppers		Camera traps (mammals), trap buckets (amphibians, reptiles), transects (insects), reduction of collisions	Also called Natuurbrug Zeepoort Shaped like the wing of a gull	https://www.wegenwiki.nl/NatuurbrugZeepoort
Natuurbrug Zandpoort		Bentveld	Netherlands	Noord-Holland	N201	Connects the 3,800 hectare large Zuid-Kennemerland National Park with the Amsterdam Waterleidingduinen (dunes)		2013	9000000		18 target species: 3 mammals (Fallow deer, Roe deer, Rabbit), 2 reptiles (Slowworm, Sand lizard), 1 amphibian (Natterstripe toad), a bird (Nightingale), 6 butterflies, 2 ground beetles and 3 grasshoppers		Camera traps (mammals), trap buckets (amphibians, reptiles), transects (insects), reduction of collisions	_Also called Natuurbrug Zandpoort	https://www.np-zuidkennemerland.nl/2093/over-het-park/duurzaam-beheer/natuurbruggen,https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zandpoort https://www.wegenwiki.nl/NatuurbrugZandpoort
Ecoduct Treeker Wissel		Leusden	Netherlands	Utrecht	N227	Connects the military training area Leusderheide and the Den Treek-Henschoten estate on both sides of the N227		2009			Especially for migratory animals sucha as deer			Asymmetrical shape	https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoductTreekerWissel
Ecoduct Reneé van Notten		Maarn	Netherlands	Utrecht	N227			2019		Beautification		Toads, badgers, beetles, lizards, wolves, deer, grass snakes, slow worms			https://www.naturetoday.com/intl/nl/nature-reports/message/?msg=25036
Ecoducts Lutrapassage en Natrixpassage		Ankeveen	Netherlands	Noord-Holland	N236	The two passages together form an ecological corridor between the Ankeveenseplassen and the Naardermeer.		2013						embellished by artists	https://www.wegenwiki.nl/Lutrapassage/Natrixpassage
Ecoduct Boele Staal		Soesterberg	Netherlands	Utrecht	N237	The ecoduct is part of the ecological connection between the Leusderheide and the northern part of the Utrechtse Heuvelrug		2016			"Heather-related species"	Fencing Artificial replanting: stumps, shrubs, trees, ponds,		Fencing Artificial replanting: stumps, shrubs, trees, ponds,	https://www.avecodebondt.nl/nl/projecten/detail/aanleg-ecoduct-boele-staal,https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductBoeleStaal
Ecoduct Beukbergen		Soesterberg	Netherlands	Utrecht	N237	The ecoduct is part of the Hart van de Heuvelrug ecological connection. The Boele Staal ecoduct has been constructed on the east side of Soesterberg, which is also part of this. In total, it concerns five ecoducts that will make the Utrechtse Heuvelrug on		2009							https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductBeukbergen
Ecoduct Westloonse Wissel	Prefab materials	Loon op Zand	Netherlands	Noord-Brabant	N261	The nature bridge at Loon op Zand is one of the measures for nature compensation and will restore the connection between the Loonse and Drunense dunes on the east side with the Landgoed Huis ter Heide on the west side of the N261.		2015			Bats, amphibians, reptiles				https://www.wegenwiki.nl/WestloonseWissel
Ecoduct Klavertje 4		Venlo	Netherlands	Limburg	N295	Part of the Greenportlane		2013							https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland
Ecombiduct Op de Kievit		Nieuwstadt	Netherlands	Limburg	N297			2013		movement of small animals and bats	Bats, small mammals				https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecopassage
Natuurbrug Feldbiss		Brunssum	Netherlands	Limburg	N300	Connects the Natura 2000 areas Brunssummerheide (522 ha) and Brandenberg (30 ha), which were separated in 1971 by the construction of the then N299		2017							https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecopassage
Ecoduct Clemens Cornielje		Nieuw Milligen	Netherlands	Gelderland	N302			2020							https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland
Ecoduct Oud Reemst		Otterlo	Netherlands	Gelderland	N310	The ecoduct connects the Hoge Veluwe National Park with Planken Wambuis.		2012			Where initially only large ungulates (cerviduct) were referred to as the target species the ecoduct has since been regarded as a natural bridge for the widest possible range species that occur in the wider area.	78 species. Deer, hare, rabbit, birds, butterflies most frequent. Also wild boar, fox, red deer,adder, sand lizard, smooth snake,terrestrial salamander, natterjack toad, common toad,cucumber mavlinder, moor butterfly, pole butterfly,34 bird species	Camera Traps	a rare carnation was found during construction.Species such as mice and reptiles colonize the 'new territories' on the ecoduct, deer rest and graze during the day in the middle of the ecoduct	https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductOudReemst
Ecoduct Maashorst		Oss	Netherlands	Noord-Brabant	N324			2012			32 target species for the Natural Bridge have been identified: 21 mammal species, 1 reptile species, 9 amphibian species and 1 butterfly species.Recently also opened for large grazers ( Tauros , Exmoor ponies and bison )				https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductMaashorst
Natuurbrug Weerribben-Wieden Muggenbeet	wood railings	Natuurbrug Weerribben-Wieden Muggenbeet	Netherlands	Overijssel	N333	The ecoduct connects the nature reserves De Weerribben and De Wieden with each other.	fence along road	2014	6000000	movement of small animals and water boundanimals	Small and water-bound animals				https://www.wegenwiki.nl/Natuurbrug_Weerribben-Wieden
Ecoduct Aardmansberg		Nieuw Milligen	Netherlands	Gelderland	N344			2020							https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland
Ecoduct Middachten		De Steeg	Netherlands	Gelderland	A348	Final piece of the "9 Ecoducts" project, in which from 2010 a total of nine ecoducts were built on the Veluwe, the Utrechtse Heuvelrug and the Sallandse Heuvelrug.		2013			Where initially only large ungulates (cerviduct) were referred to as the target species the ecoduct has since been regarded as a natural bridge for the widest possible range species that occur in the wider area.		Camera Traps	Species such as mice and reptiles colonize the 'new territories' on the ecoduct, deer rest and graze during the day in the middle of the ecoduct	https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland
Ecoduct De Grimberg		Wierden	Netherlands	Overijssel	N350	Connects the Grimbergerveld with the Veldhoek-Kampen. The region is a slightly fragmented forest area north of the river Regge.		2013							https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductdeGrimberg
Ecoduct Leenderbosch		Valkenswaard	Netherlands	Noord-Brabant	N396	The ecoduct connects the Valkenhorst nature reserve to the north of the ecoduct with the Leenderbos, a coniferous forest south of Eindhoven		2014							https://www.wegenwiki.nl/EcoductLeenderbos
Ecoduct Over Heide		Goirle	Netherlands	Noord-Brabant	N630	Connects the Gorp en Roovert nature reserve with the Regte Heide		2019			deer, badger, stone marten, fox, polecat, weasel, ermine, rabbit, hare and various small amphibians,	Deer, badger, stone marten, fox, polecat, weasel, ermine, rabbit, hare and various small amphibians,	Monitoring efforts for three years with camera traps	monitoring efforts for three years with camera traps artificial replanting with thickets of native veg, stumps, pools,	https://ecoassist.nl/projecten/ecoduct-over-heide/,https://www.faunapassagegoirle.nl/nieuws/faunapassage-over-heide-officieel-geopend
Ecoduct Op Hees		Den Dolder	Netherlands	Utrecht	Railway	One of the five ecoducts built within the Hart van de Heuvelrug program. This ecoduct was built over the rail link between Amersfoort, Soest and Utrecht. The ecoduct is part of the two ecological connections (corridors) in Hart van de Heuvelrug		2013							https://www.hartvandeheuvelrug.nl/gerealiseerde-projecten/ecoduct-op-hees/
Ecoduct De Vloedgraaf		Nieuwstadt	Netherlands	Limburg	Railway	In combination with the Vloedgraaf brook		2010							https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland
Ecoduct Duinpoort		Zandvoort	Netherlands	Noord-Holland	Railway	North of the track between Zandvoort and Haarlem are the Kennemerduinen and Kraansvlak. And on the south side are the De Koningshof estate forest and the Elswout estate. These nature reserves are part of the Zuid-Kennemerland National Park		2018			18 target species: 3 mammals (Fallow deer, Roe deer, Rabbit), 2 reptiles (Slowworm, Sand lizard), 1 amphibian (Natterstripe toad), a bird (Nightingale), 6 butterflies, 2 ground beetles and 3 grasshoppers		Camera traps (mammals), trap buckets (amphibians, reptiles), transects (insects), reduction of collisions		https://www.prorail.nl/projecten/ecoduct-duinpoort
Ecoduct De Mortelen		Best	Netherlands	Noord-Brabant	Railway	Multi-year defragmentation program		2020			roe deer, badgers, roe deer, great crested newts, slow worms and lizards,			Multi-year defragmentation program,	https://www.prorail.nl/projecten/eindhoven-boxtel-aanleg-ecoduct-de-mortelen,https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland
Ecoduct Asselsche Heide		Hoog Soeren	Netherlands	Gelderland	Railway			2019							https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LijstvanecoducteninNederland
Burgemeester Letschertburg	steel, plastic, concrete, cables	Tilburg	Netherlands	Noord-Brabant	Wilhelminakanaal	Two identical road bridges cross the Wilhelminakanaal and the third, thin bridge is an ecoduct. It twists both horizontally and vertically		2012							https://www.dearchitect.nl/architectuur/nieuws/2012/10/burgemeester-letschertbrug-een-brug-met-een-twist-101136437
Hague Squirrel Bridge	Steel overpass	The Hague	Netherlands	South Holland	N44	They have this bridge so the squirrels on the one side of the road can have sex with the squirrels on the other side to prevent inbreeding		2012	144000	Give squirrels safe passage between the Haagse Bos forest and Oosterbeen, and Clingedel park	Squirrels	Squirrels	Montiored using CCTV cameras on the bridge	A camera monitoring the bridge has shown that squirrels largely ignore the bridge. Only used 5 times.	https://structurae.net/en/structures/squirrel-bridge, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3462228/Mayor-insists-120-000-bridge-built-SQUIRRELS-cross-busy-road-Holland-not-waste-money-despite-five-animals-using-four-years.html
Badger Tunnels		Heumen	Netherlands	Gelderland	A73	20% of badger population used to be hit by vehicles; badger tunnels were made in the early 90s, found successful, and now made widely	strong, taller fencing to prevent climbing and digging under; escape gates for those who do make it onto the roadway	1990			European badger	European badger, foxes, rabbits, hedgehogs	Infared cameras and tracks in the sand	Monitoring reveals that the tunnels are used almost every night	https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/crittercrossings/badger.cfm
Blue Penguin Underpass		Oamaru Harbor	New Zealand	Otago	Waterfront Road	Blue penguins move from the ocean (where they feed) back to the colony (where they have chicks); the roadway and blinding traffic lights are a hazard	A little light at the end of the tunnel to guide the way,	2016			Blue penguin	Blue penguins	video camera, researchers	took three weeks to build; residents were worried that their "free" sightings of penguins would decline. Hi Erin, this last year has been a bit patchy in terms of data collection because of covid, but the previous year we were getting up to 40 penguins us	https://www.cnn.com/2016/11/12/asia/nz-penguin-underpass/index.html https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/new-underpass-helps-new-zealand-penguins-cross-busy-road-180961081/, https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/cutestuff/86744081/little-blue-penguins-t
South Portugal Culvert Passages (1)		Alentejo	Portugal	Alentejo	M370	Non-wildlife culverts on two very different roads were monitored to see what factors impact use by animals				not designed for animal use!		AmphibiAns, reptiles, lagomorphs, small mammals, carnivores, domestic cats and dogs	marble dust track pads		https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11284-006-0004-1#ref-CR20
South Portugal Culvert Passages (2)		Alentejo	Portugal	Alentejo	IP2	Non-wildlife culverts on two very different roads were monitored to see what factors impact use by animals				not designed for animal use!		Amphibians, reptiles, lagomorphs, small mammals, carnivores, domestic cats and dogs	marble dust track pads		https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11284-006-0004-1#ref-CR20
Narvinsky Tunnel (For Cars)	reinforced concrete	Primorsky krai	Russia	Primorsky province	Razdolnoye-Khasan highway (A189)	The Amur leopard is critically endangered, with only an extremely small population in the double digits; this highway bisects critical habitat and would cause incerased genetic isolation		2016	1.8 billion Rubles		Amur leopard			The tunnel is the result of more than a decade of research on the rare leopards. Scientists spent years tracking their migratory habits, gathering information on the elusive animals both for general	https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/79902/russia-builds-tunnel-help-endangered-leopards-migrate-safely,https://undergroundexpert.info/en/underground-space-use/implemented-projects/the-narvinsky-tunnel-for-amur-leopards-protection/ https://wwf.ru/en/resour
Eco-Link@BKE	hour-glass shaped	BKE	Singapore		Bukit Timah Expressway	Reconnects the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve to the Central Catchment Nature Reserve		2013		wildlife fatalities on the road (2 pangolins killed annually), genetic diversity, inhibited seed dispersal, habitat reduction for species		Sunda pangolin, common palm civet, long-tailed macaque, slender squirrel, glossy horseshoe cat, lesser Asiatic yellow bat, pouched tomb cat, blue-eared kingfisher, emerald dove	Camera traps	first ecological bridge in Asia no pangolin fatalities after bridge constructed the hope is that as trees mature, monkeys will also make the crossing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-Link@BKE
Mandai Wildlife Bridge		Mandai Lake Road	Singapore		Mandai Lake Road	Reconnects parts of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve that have been separated for 60 years	fencing to funnel animals	2019		wildlife fatalities NOT cited as a primary reason	Sunda pangolin, colugos ,	Wild boar, mousedder, civet cat, pengolin	Surveillence cameras and camera traps	It will be 5-10 years before the forest is mature and all species can cross safetly it does not DIRECTLY connect parts of the Reserve; instead, it connects two buffer zones and more reforesting will be necessary to complete the connection	https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/new-wildlife-bridge-now-open-in-mandai-but-its-animals-only-please,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MandaiWildlifeBridge https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/safer-animal-crossings-mandai-wildlife-bridge-120
Hôrka Wildlife Crossing		Hôrka	Slovakia	Prešov	D1										https://structurae.net/en/structures/horka-wildlife-crossing
Brengova Ecoduct		Brengova	Slovenia	Cerkvenjak	A5			2008							https://structurae.net/en/structures/brengova-ecoduct
Gancani Ecoduct		Murska Sobota	Slovenia	Prekmurje	A5		guardrail	2008							https://structurae.net/en/structures/gancani-ecoduct
Lenart Ecoduct		Zamarkova	Slovenia	Cerkvenjak	A5/E653			2008							https://structurae.net/en/structures/lenart-ecoduct
Mostje Ecoduct		Mostje	Slovenia	Prekmurje	A5			2008							https://structurae.net/en/structures/mostje-ecoduct
Urbarialni Gozd Ecoduct		Banuta	Slovenia	Prekmurje	A5			2008							https://structurae.net/en/structures/urbarialni-gozd-ecoduct
Moravský Svätý Ján Green Bridge		Moravský Svätý Ján	Slovakia	Trnava Region	D2	Part of the Alps-Carpathian Corridor Project, connecting natural areas across the D2 near the Czech border	wooden walls for damping effect		5980000				Camera traps, print monitoring		http://www.interreg-danube.eu/media/download/20922
Can Pagá Overpass		Can Pagá	Spain	Barcelona	Railway										https://www.google.com/maps/place/41%C2%B040'29.7%22N+2%C2%B026'39.7%22E/@41.674929,2.4421723,672m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m14!1m7!3m6!1s0x12a4ccc90f97db7f:0x3d458eb27b0e1300!2sCan+Pag%C3%A0,+08460+Santa+Maria+de+Palautordera,+Barcelona,+Spain!3b1!8m2!3d41.677
Central Iberian Culverts		Greater Madrid	Spain	Central Iberian Peninsula	Road, Railway	17 pre-exisiting culverts of varying size and characteristics were analyzed for wildlife usage; not structures designed for animal crossings		1992		not designed for animal use!		Mice, shrews, rabbits, cats, wildcats, foxes, genets, amphibians, snakes, lizards, hedgehog, weasel	marble dust strips		https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46845503/0006-320728942900028-o20160627-13749-13jdgw1.pdf?1467083723=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DPermeabilityofroadsandrailwaystove.pdf&Expires=1614609613&Signature=IkaxuU1tzbkIhosEY2F9c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 1		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 2		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 3		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 4		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 5		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 6		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 7		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 8		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 9		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 10		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 11		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 12		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 13		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 14		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 15		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 16		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Madrid-Seville Railway Wildlife Passage 17		Montes de Toledo	Spain	Iberian Peninsula	Railway	The HSR Madric-Seville railway bisects two mountainous areas, including the Montes de Toledo where this study was conducted; the use of passages over and under the railway by wildlife was studied using sand pits	2m fence with barbed wire	1992		not designed for animal use!		Carnivores, lagomorphs, small mammals, reptiles	sand pits		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2404791.pdf?casatoken=-PCgvSOiNW0AAAAA:-gKhEfdL2UXHuXYYd4pO-5ZxIT6s3EZ8-tLPDRjdaLkKMibLukx9WazmL32ZH1lwoZXtXghZU9zFDYU4xUad1loj7uVrZiBZ1I4Lwr1gMsJ4Y9eq1c
Sweden Reindeer Passages		Umea	Sweden	Norrbotten, Västerbotten counties		Sweden is to build up to a dozen bridges so reindeer can safely cross railway lines and major roads in the north of the country as global heating forces them to roam further afield in search of food.	2m fencing so reindeer don't jump off	2021		climate change mitigation, increased droughts and wildfires, need to move more for forage, road fatalities	Reindeer				https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/20/sweden-to-build-bridges-for-reindeer-to-safely-cross-roads-and-railways
Swedish Moose Overpasses		Uddevalla	Sweden	Västra Götaland County	E6	Mosaic of spruce and pine forest and farmland in southwestern Sweden; the E6 was doubled in size and fenced; the effect of the fencing and expansion on moose use of wildlife crossings is explored		2004			Moose	Moose	radio collar, camera trap, sand pads		https://bioone.org/journals/wildlife-biology/volume-14/issue-1/0909-6396(2008)14[111:EOHFAW]2.0.CO;2/Effects-of-highway-fencing-and-wildlife-crossings-on-moose-Alces/10.2981/0909-6396(2008)14[111:EOHFAW]2.0.CO;2.full
Swedish Moose Underpass		Uddevalla	Sweden	Västra Götaland County	E6	Mosaic of spruce and pine forest and farmland in southwestern Sweden; the E6 was doubled in size and fenced; the effect of the fencing and expansion on moose use of wildlife crossings is explored		2000			Moose	Moose	radio collar, camera trap, sand pads		https://bioone.org/journals/wildlife-biology/volume-14/issue-1/0909-6396(2008)14[111:EOHFAW]2.0.CO;2/Effects-of-highway-fencing-and-wildlife-crossings-on-moose-Alces/10.2981/0909-6396(2008)14[111:EOHFAW]2.0.CO;2.full
Brienzwiler Wildlife Crossing		Brienzwiler	Switzerland	Berne	N4							Badger, fox, marten and red and roe deer			https://structurae.net/en/structures/brienzwiler-wildlife-crossing,https://onedrive.live.com/?cid=3E2E9FF710ECC0B5&id=3E2E9FF710ECC0B5%21271717&parId=3E2E9FF710ECC0B5%21270726&o=OneUp
Isenburg Tunnel		Zürich	Switzerland	Zürich	A4			2009				No information available			https://structurae.net/en/structures/isenberg-tunnel
Le Maria Wildlife Crossing		Basse-Allaine	Switzerland	Jura	A16			2011							https://structurae.net/en/structures/le-maira-wildlife-crossing
Les Combes Wildlife Crossing		Courtedoux	Switzerland	Jura	A16			2014							https://structurae.net/en/structures/les-combes-wildlife-crossing
Stock Wildlife Crossing		Biel	Switzerland	Berne	A5	Connects forested areas (Wildwechsel Moeoesli)		2001							https://structurae.net/en/structures/stock-wildlife-crossing
Kabinburi Highway 304 Wild Life Corridor Project		Kabinburi	Thailand	Prachinburi	Hwy 304	Connects Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex (made of Khao Yau National Park and Thaplan National Park)	noise barriers, fencing at the start and end of underpass	2019	1,319,257,000 Baht		Guar, Sambar, Southern Red Muntjac, Elephant, Bear, Deer, amphibians, small mammals	Immediately upon opening, they captured pictures of many animals nearby, including barking deer, deer, serow, leopard cats, wild boar and monkeys.	CCTV, sand trap, ranger unit	Underpass for amphibians and small mammals	https://www.neda.or.th/home/uploads/download/HXSyxt8rvxv9UC3YDIp.pdf, https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1641392/animals-seen-near-new-wildlife-corridor-over-highway-304
NJ Turtle Tunnels	Wooden fencing, concrete tunnel, metal grated top	Bedminster Township	United States	New Jersey	River Road	The North Branch of the Raritan River is separated from hundreds of acres of natural area and parkland due to River Road. Turtles try to cross it and have high mortality rates. Tunnels help them cross to breed and lay eggs in wetlands	Angled fencing (wood) guides turtles into the tunnels; top is a metal grate, inside is made of concrete	2015	$116175	To help threatened wood turtles cross the road to breed and lay eggs	Wood turtle, frogs, salamanders	Wood frog,American Toad,Green Frog,Mole/vole,Spring Peeper,Snapping Turtle,Painted Turtle,Garter Snake,4-toed Salamander,Red potted Newt,Bull Frog,Two-lined Salamander,Box Turtle,Water Snake,Northern Brown Snake,Red Fox,Opossum,Skunk,Raccoon,Chipmunk	Montclair State University conducted study in 2015 with 10 pitfall traps, road mortality counts	150 animals a day are reported using the tubes during peak season Wood turtles are a state-threatened species	https://www.netwc.org/uploads/2/0/9/4/20948254/brian_zarate.pdf,https://www.njconservation.org/tunnel-vision-helping-wildlife-cross-the-road/ https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/ensp/pdf/chanjriverrdtunnel.pdf, https://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/ensp/chanj_pro
Assunpink WMA Wildlife Passage System	Two under-road tunnels and fencing that will guide animals to the tunnels; concerete interior, metal grating on road	Upper Freehold Township, Assunpink WMA	United States	New Jersey	roadway	Two tunnels help connect fragmented wetland without making animals touch pavement. This crossing is specifically for Bog Turtles! It's only a couple years old and there is possibly data on crossing usage. The delicate part of this crossing is that the fac		2018		To reduce road kill and reconnect habitat fragments	bog turtles	bog turtles	Division staff are monitoring wildlife habitat use and counting dead-on-road animals both during and after construction	The delicate part of this crossing is that the fact that bog turtles use it must remain a secrete. Bog turtles are a rare and highly poached species. If the public knew bog turtles used the crossing, people with bad intentions may capitalize on that infor	https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/wmarestoration-assunpink.htm, https://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/ensp/chanj_projects-partners.htm
Bobcat Alley		Warren and Sussex counties	United States	New Jersey		A ridge-to-ridge greenway runs from the Kittatinny to the Highlands. It contains mixed forest and multiple creeks that drain into the Paulins Kill		2020			Bobcat	Bobcat	Camera traps	1/3 of the land is protected, so this is a work in progress	https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/new-jersey/stories-in-new-jersey/building-bobcat-alley/ https://www.nj.com/warren/2018/03/bobcatalleynewjerseyconservation.html, https://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/ensp/chanj_projects-partners
Waterloo Road Amphibian Passage System	Polymer concrete, spaced 200 ft apart	Byram Township	United States	New Jersey	County Road 604/Waterloo Rd	Four polymer concrete tunnels underneath a busy NJ road (10,000 cars a day!) that bisects seasonal amphibian habitats. Salamanders, frogs, etc. crossing the road are killed by traffic; a few species are of special concern; surrounded by Allamuchy State Pa	Guide fences	2022	500000		wood frogs, spring peepers, Jefferson salamanders (species of special concern), and spotted salamander (species of special concern), American toads, green frogs, possibly northern red salamanders		Pre- and post-monitoring	_At Waterloo Road in Byram, more than 300 salamanders and frogs per hour have been tallied crossing a quarter-mile stretch on peak migration nights. Their goal is to reach the vernal pool on the other side, lay eggs, and journey back to the forest again.	https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/ensp/pdf/chanjprojwaterloo.pdf https://conservewildlife.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=25c33044bb2841b492d40da4c0f1faac, https://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/ensp/chanj_projects-partners.htm
National Elk Refuge Migration Corridor	Fencing (wood, link metal)	Greater Yellowstone	United States	Wyoming	ranching fences, roadways	Elk (and other animals) make seasonal migrations that are hindered by ranching fences and roadways; to reduce fatalities and make migration easier, old ranching fences are removed and elk jumps are created to divert road crossings to less trafficked areas	Guide fences	1996			Elk	Pronghorn, bighorn sheep, elk			https://jhwildlife.org/wildlife-friendly-landscapes/
Ocelot Underpass		Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge	United States	Texas	FM 106	Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge has one of only two populations of Ocelots in the United States. The FM 106 runs through the park, bisecting habitat and posing a threat to wildlife when crossing		2019		Expanding ocelot habitat range	Ocelot	Alligators, armadillos, bobcats, coyotes, javelina, long-tailed weasels, opossums, rabbits, raccoons, skunks and tortoises	Camera traps		https://www.fws.gov/news/blog/index.cfm/2020/2/24/Its-a-First-Ocelot-Crosses-Under-the-Road
Texas Bobcat Crossings	unspecified	George West	United States	Texas	US Highway 281	4-lane highway dividing Rio Grande Plains habitat; bobcats were monitored to determine their use of wildlife crossing structures	some have fencing, some not				Bobcat	Bobcat, ocelot, feral cat	radio collars, roadkill surveys, camera traps, track stations	5 of the 14 culverts were upgraded with catwalks (raised cement) to help with bobcat movement	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703000235?casatoken=ioQ1tWw8KyMAAAAA:jg8laXgmAkXTgOwFcdydcsxTVoSoWw0T3YxrtsBQyeeRxmw0asy4jfHApdZg7T9JBbgM-OrW
Liberty Canon Wildlife Crossing		Los Angeles	United States	California	101	A ten-lane highway north of the city will have a massive overpass for mountain lions (and other wildlife) to move from one forested area to another; It would connect the Santa Monica Mountains to the south with Simi Hills to the north. It crosses 10 lanes		2021	87000000 USD	escape from climate-change driven forest fires	Mountain lions, coyotes, deer, lizards, snakes and other wild animals			will be the biggest wildlife overpass when completed; mostly from private funds, in response to climate change driven forest fires	https://www.fastcompany.com/90566871/this-massive-wildlife-crossing-will-help-protect-wildlife-from-la-drivers-on-the-101
Los Angeles Highways Underpass 1		Los Angeles	United States	California	US Highway 118	three major highways located on the eastern edge of Ventura County, California, just west of the San Fernando Valley and adjacent to the Los Angeles metropolitan area: Thsee three highways—US Highway 101, State Route 23, and US Highway 118—border the Simi				not intended for wildlife crossings!		Humans, cats, dogs, cows, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon, opossum, striped skunk, spotted skunk, cottontail rabbit, rodents	camera traps, gypsum track stations		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703001666?casatoken=UeYNagEBQEAAAAA:qEgFu2zUC7iKGW9JMCzsoB2PeTU81aTuPgupq0-HNzU3mkfQzhZZvYgwUoMm4ORMr0UYniuP
Los Angeles Highways Underpass 2		Los Angeles	United States	California	US Highway 118	three major highways located on the eastern edge of Ventura County, California, just west of the San Fernando Valley and adjacent to the Los Angeles metropolitan area: Thsee three highways—US Highway 101, State Route 23, and US Highway 118—border the Simi				not intended for wildlife crossings!		Humans, cats, dogs, cows, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon, opossum, striped skunk, spotted skunk, cottontail rabbit, rodents	camera traps, gypsum track stations		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703001666?casatoken=UeYNagEBQEAAAAA:qEgFu2zUC7iKGW9JMCzsoB2PeTU81aTuPgupq0-HNzU3mkfQzhZZvYgwUoMm4ORMr0UYniuP
Los Angeles Highways Underpass 3		Los Angeles	United States	California	US Highway 118	three major highways located on the eastern edge of Ventura County, California, just west of the San Fernando Valley and adjacent to the Los Angeles metropolitan area: Thsee three highways—US Highway 101, State Route 23, and US Highway 118—border the Simi				not intended for wildlife crossings!		Humans, cats, dogs, cows, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon, opossum, striped skunk, spotted skunk, cottontail rabbit, rodents	camera traps, gypsum track stations		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703001666?casatoken=UeYNagEBQEAAAAA:qEgFu2zUC7iKGW9JMCzsoB2PeTU81aTuPgupq0-HNzU3mkfQzhZZvYgwUoMm4ORMr0UYniuP
Los Angeles Highways Underpass 4		Los Angeles	United States	California	US Highway 118	three major highways located on the eastern edge of Ventura County, California, just west of the San Fernando Valley and adjacent to the Los Angeles metropolitan area: Thsee three highways—US Highway 101, State Route 23, and US Highway 118—border the Simi				not intended for wildlife crossings!		Humans, cats, dogs, cows, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon, opossum, striped skunk, spotted skunk, cottontail rabbit, rodents	camera traps, gypsum track stations		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703001666?casatoken=UeYNagEBQEAAAAA:qEgFu2zUC7iKGW9JMCzsoB2PeTU81aTuPgupq0-HNzU3mkfQzhZZvYgwUoMm4ORMr0UYniuP
Los Angeles Highways Underpass 5		Los Angeles	United States	California	US Highway 118	three major highways located on the eastern edge of Ventura County, California, just west of the San Fernando Valley and adjacent to the Los Angeles metropolitan area: Thsee three highways—US Highway 101, State Route 23, and US Highway 118—border the Simi				not intended for wildlife crossings!		Humans, cats, dogs, cows, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon, opossum, striped skunk, spotted skunk, cottontail rabbit, rodents	camera traps, gypsum track stations		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703001666?casatoken=UeYNagEBQEAAAAA:qEgFu2zUC7iKGW9JMCzsoB2PeTU81aTuPgupq0-HNzU3mkfQzhZZvYgwUoMm4ORMr0UYniuP
Los Angeles Highways Underpass 6		Los Angeles	United States	California	US Highway 118	three major highways located on the eastern edge of Ventura County, California, just west of the San Fernando Valley and adjacent to the Los Angeles metropolitan area: Thsee three highways—US Highway 101, State Route 23, and US Highway 118—border the Simi				not intended for wildlife crossings!		Humans, cats, dogs, cows, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon, opossum, striped skunk, spotted skunk, cottontail rabbit, rodents	camera traps, gypsum track stations		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703001666?casatoken=UeYNagEBQEAAAAA:qEgFu2zUC7iKGW9JMCzsoB2PeTU81aTuPgupq0-HNzU3mkfQzhZZvYgwUoMm4ORMr0UYniuP
Los Angeles Highways Underpass 7		Los Angeles	United States	California	US Highway 118	three major highways located on the eastern edge of Ventura County, California, just west of the San Fernando Valley and adjacent to the Los Angeles metropolitan area: Thsee three highways—US Highway 101, State Route 23, and US Highway 118—border the Simi				not intended for wildlife crossings!		Humans, cats, dogs, cows, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon, opossum, striped skunk, spotted skunk, cottontail rabbit, rodents	camera traps, gypsum track stations		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703001666?casatoken=UeYNagEBQEAAAAA:qEgFu2zUC7iKGW9JMCzsoB2PeTU81aTuPgupq0-HNzU3mkfQzhZZvYgwUoMm4ORMr0UYniuP
Los Angeles Highways Underpass 8		Los Angeles	United States	California	US Highway 118	three major highways located on the eastern edge of Ventura County, California, just west of the San Fernando Valley and adjacent to the Los Angeles metropolitan area: Thsee three highways—US Highway 101, State Route 23, and US Highway 118—border the Simi				not intended for wildlife crossings!		Humans, cats, dogs, cows, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon, opossum, striped skunk, spotted skunk, cottontail rabbit, rodents	camera traps, gypsum track stations		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703001666?casatoken=UeYNagEBQEAAAAA:qEgFu2zUC7iKGW9JMCzsoB2PeTU81aTuPgupq0-HNzU3mkfQzhZZvYgwUoMm4ORMr0UYniuP
Los Angeles Highways Underpass 9		Los Angeles	United States	California	State Route 23	three major highways located on the eastern edge of Ventura County, California, just west of the San Fernando Valley and adjacent to the Los Angeles metropolitan area: Thsee three highways—US Highway 101, State Route 23, and US Highway 118—border the Simi				not intended for wildlife crossings!		Humans, cats, dogs, cows, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon, opossum, striped skunk, spotted skunk, cottontail rabbit, rodents	camera traps, gypsum track stations		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703001666?casatoken=UeYNagEBQEAAAAA:qEgFu2zUC7iKGW9JMCzsoB2PeTU81aTuPgupq0-HNzU3mkfQzhZZvYgwUoMm4ORMr0UYniuP
Los Angeles Highways Underpass 10		Los Angeles	United States	California	US Highway 101	three major highways located on the eastern edge of Ventura County, California, just west of the San Fernando Valley and adjacent to the Los Angeles metropolitan area: Thsee three highways—US Highway 101, State Route 23, and US Highway 118—border the Simi				not intended for wildlife crossings!		Humans, cats, dogs, cows, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon, opossum, striped skunk, spotted skunk, cottontail rabbit, rodents	camera traps, gypsum track stations		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703001666?casatoken=UeYNagEBQEAAAAA:qEgFu2zUC7iKGW9JMCzsoB2PeTU81aTuPgupq0-HNzU3mkfQzhZZvYgwUoMm4ORMr0UYniuP
Los Angeles Highways Underpass 11		Los Angeles	United States	California	US Highway 101	three major highways located on the eastern edge of Ventura County, California, just west of the San Fernando Valley and adjacent to the Los Angeles metropolitan area: Thsee three highways—US Highway 101, State Route 23, and US Highway 118—border the Simi				not intended for wildlife crossings!		Humans, cats, dogs, cows, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon, opossum, striped skunk, spotted skunk, cottontail rabbit, rodents	camera traps, gypsum track stations		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703001666?casatoken=UeYNagEBQEAAAAA:qEgFu2zUC7iKGW9JMCzsoB2PeTU81aTuPgupq0-HNzU3mkfQzhZZvYgwUoMm4ORMr0UYniuP
Los Angeles Highways Underpass 12		Los Angeles	United States	California	US Highway 101	three major highways located on the eastern edge of Ventura County, California, just west of the San Fernando Valley and adjacent to the Los Angeles metropolitan area: Thsee three highways—US Highway 101, State Route 23, and US Highway 118—border the Simi				not intended for wildlife crossings!		Humans, cats, dogs, cows, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon, opossum, striped skunk, spotted skunk, cottontail rabbit, rodents	camera traps, gypsum track stations		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703001666?casatoken=UeYNagEBQEAAAAA:qEgFu2zUC7iKGW9JMCzsoB2PeTU81aTuPgupq0-HNzU3mkfQzhZZvYgwUoMm4ORMr0UYniuP
Los Angeles Highways Underpass 13		Los Angeles	United States	California	US Highway 101	three major highways located on the eastern edge of Ventura County, California, just west of the San Fernando Valley and adjacent to the Los Angeles metropolitan area: Thsee three highways—US Highway 101, State Route 23, and US Highway 118—border the Simi				not intended for wildlife crossings!		Humans, cats, dogs, cows, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon, opossum, striped skunk, spotted skunk, cottontail rabbit, rodents	camera traps, gypsum track stations		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703001666?casatoken=UeYNagEBQEAAAAA:qEgFu2zUC7iKGW9JMCzsoB2PeTU81aTuPgupq0-HNzU3mkfQzhZZvYgwUoMm4ORMr0UYniuP
Los Angeles Highways Underpass 14		Los Angeles	United States	California	US Highway 101	three major highways located on the eastern edge of Ventura County, California, just west of the San Fernando Valley and adjacent to the Los Angeles metropolitan area: Thsee three highways—US Highway 101, State Route 23, and US Highway 118—border the Simi				not intended for wildlife crossings!		Humans, cats, dogs, cows, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon, opossum, striped skunk, spotted skunk, cottontail rabbit, rodents	camera traps, gypsum track stations		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703001666?casatoken=UeYNagEBQEAAAAA:qEgFu2zUC7iKGW9JMCzsoB2PeTU81aTuPgupq0-HNzU3mkfQzhZZvYgwUoMm4ORMr0UYniuP
Los Angeles Highways Underpass 15		Los Angeles	United States	California	US Highway 101	three major highways located on the eastern edge of Ventura County, California, just west of the San Fernando Valley and adjacent to the Los Angeles metropolitan area: Thsee three highways—US Highway 101, State Route 23, and US Highway 118—border the Simi				not intended for wildlife crossings!		Humans, cats, dogs, cows, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon, opossum, striped skunk, spotted skunk, cottontail rabbit, rodents	camera traps, gypsum track stations		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703001666?casatoken=UeYNagEBQEAAAAA:qEgFu2zUC7iKGW9JMCzsoB2PeTU81aTuPgupq0-HNzU3mkfQzhZZvYgwUoMm4ORMr0UYniuP
Nutty Narrows Squirrel Brudge	Suspension bridge made of aluminium, retired fire hose. Worlds' Narrowest Bridge	Longview	United States	Washington	Olympic Way	U.S. National Register of Historic Places, connects two trees over Olympia Road		1963	1000		Squirrels	Squirrels		Community engaged; restoration in 1983 was attended by 300 children with celebration there are now 4 bridges (last one added in 2013); the info in this row is for the originalne	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuttyNarrowsBridge https://www.roadsideamerica.com/story/9781 https://www.knkx.org/post/nutty-fourth-squirrel-bridge-coming-longview
Toad Hollow	decorated outsides (mini houses, frog statues, signs, etc.); metal crossbar entrance	Davis	United States	California	2020 Fifth St. Davis, CA	Toads were being hit by cars, made worse when the dirt road was turned into a 6-lane; nature-lovers pushed for toad protection and the funds for tunnels were given		1995	14000		Toads			Toads have died out in the area. Toads would not use them at first; then lights were added. Then the lights roasted some of the frogs. Birds would wait at the tunnel exit and pick off toads	https://www.roadsideamerica.com/story/12663, https://www.heraldnet.com/news/why-didnt-the-toad-use-the-tunnel-to-cross-the-road/
Keechelus Wildlife Overpass		Keechelus Lake	United States	Washington	I-90			2018			Bobcat,wolves, red fox, gophers, hares, frogs, voles, squirrels,	In 2019, coyotes used the new wildlife bridges east of Snoqualmie Pass to safely cross under and over the busy freeway more than 205 times, with 1,928 crossings by mule deer, 71 by elk, and hundreds more by various smaller mammals ranging from beavers to	Remote cameras; I-90 Wildlife Watch (people report sightings of wildlife, dead or alive); Citizen Wildlife Monitoring Project (community volunteers, snow tracking, carcass reports, etc.)	https://i90wildlifebridges.org/species-that-will-utilize-overpass/,	https://www.conservationnw.org/update-on-i-90-wildlife-crossings/,https://www.conservationnw.org/our-work/habitat/i-90/ https://www.conservationnw.org/update-on-i-90-wildlife-crossings/
Snoqualmie Overpass		Keechelus Lake	United States	Washington	I-90								Remote cameras; I-90 Wildlife Watch (people report sightings of wildlife, dead or alive); Citizen Wildlife Monitoring Project (community volunteers, snow tracking, carcass reports, etc.)		https://www.conservationnw.org/our-work/habitat/i-90/ https://www.conservationnw.org/update-on-i-90-wildlife-crossings/
Gold Creek Underpasses		Keechelus Lake	United States	Washington	I-90	Both terrestrial and aquatic crossing under I-90; North-South connection					Elk	Elk	Remote cameras; I-90 Wildlife Watch (people report sightings of wildlife, dead or alive); Citizen Wildlife Monitoring Project (community volunteers, snow tracking, carcass reports, etc.)	https://i90wildlifewatch.org/elk-find-safe-passage-under-i-90-thanks-to-wildlife-crossings,hopefully wolves and wolverines start using them	,https://www.conservationnw.org/our-work/habitat/i-90/ https://www.conservationnw.org/update-on-i-90-wildlife-crossings/, https://i90wildlifewatch.org/elk-find-safe-passage-under-i-90-thanks-to-wildlife-crossings,Elk, deer, bull trout, kokanee salmon
Rocky Run Creek Underpass		Keechelus Lake	United States	Washington	I-90	Aquatic and terrestrial connection between Lake Keechelus and thick forest to the north				spawning bull trout		Bull trout	Remote cameras; I-90 Wildlife Watch (people report sightings of wildlife, dead or alive); Citizen Wildlife Monitoring Project (community volunteers, snow tracking, carcass reports, etc.)		https://www.conservationnw.org/our-work/habitat/i-90/ https://www.conservationnw.org/update-on-i-90-wildlife-crossings/
Resort Creek Underpass		Keechelus Lake	United States	Washington	I-90	Aquatic and terrestrial connection between Lake Keechelus and thick forest to the north						Fish and wildlife	Remote cameras; I-90 Wildlife Watch (people report sightings of wildlife, dead or alive); Citizen Wildlife Monitoring Project (community volunteers, snow tracking, carcass reports, etc.)		https://www.conservationnw.org/our-work/habitat/i-90/ https://www.conservationnw.org/update-on-i-90-wildlife-crossings/
Janis Bridge Underpass		Okanogan Valley	United States	Washington	Highway 97	Legislator prevented original construction plans to improve road crossing near Janis Bridge; 350 deer are hit and killed along this stretch of highways every year; it costs $2,275,000 annually with an average of $6,500 vehicular damage	cattle guards and fencing	2019		reduce wildlife fatalities and damage to property	Mule deer; Canada lynx	Mule deer			https://www.conservationnw.org/news-updates/safe-passage-97-moving-forward/
Watchung Reservation Land Bridges		Scotch Plains	United States	New Jersey	I-78	When I-78 was built, conservationists were concerned that it was bisecting the northern parts of Watchung Reservation and the wildlife bridges were built to mitigate those concerns. Environmentalists fought against the construction of a new interstate hig		1986			white-tailed deer	deer, rabbits		While there’s evidence that the I-78 overpasses are used by raccoons, foxes, deer, skunks, possums and squirrels, Zarate said they probably wouldn’t be built in the same locations today.	https://www.njconservation.org/tunnel-vision-helping-wildlife-cross-the-road/, https://lostinjersey.wordpress.com/2009/03/19/the-bunny-bridge-of-watchung/ http://www.headfirstadventures.com/2013/03/28/highway-crossings/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch
Animals' Trail Overpass		Flathead Indian Reservation	United States	Montana	Highway 93	Montana is #2 in wildlife collisions; 13,000 deer are killed and 211 human fatalities occur annually; this costs people between $1-8 billion						Black bear, grizzly bear, mule deer, white-tailed deer, domestic cats, domestic dogs, owls	Camera traps; on the ground monitoring (14 years)		https://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/research-on-highway-93-wildlife-crossings-nearly-complete/articlea4d6bdce-b6d3-51e9-ac12-9d467ba46d86.html https://westerntransportationinstitute.org/programs/road-ecology/peoples-way-partnershi
Flathead Indian Reservation Underpass Culverts		Flathead Indian Reservation	United States	Montana	Highway 93	Different kinds of culverts						Black bear, grizzly bear, mule deer, white-tailed deer, domestic cats, domestic dogs, owls	Camera traps		https://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/research-on-highway-93-wildlife-crossings-nearly-complete/articlea4d6bdce-b6d3-51e9-ac12-9d467ba46d86.html https://westerntransportationinstitute.org/programs/road-ecology/peoples-way-partnershi
Flathead Indian Reservation Underpass Open Bridges		Flathead Indian Reservation	United States	Montana	Highway 93	Different open span bridges						Black bear, grizzly bear, mule deer, white-tailed deer, domestic cats, domestic dogs, owls	Camera traps		https://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/research-on-highway-93-wildlife-crossings-nearly-complete/articlea4d6bdce-b6d3-51e9-ac12-9d467ba46d86.html https://westerntransportationinstitute.org/programs/road-ecology/peoples-way-partnershi
Florida Bear Underpass		Rock Springs Run State Park	United States	Florida	State 46	Bear "kill zones" were identified and this culvert was built to help bears (and other animals) cross the road	pine trees planted in a row to help guide bears	2016			Florida black bear	Florida black bear, bobcats, gray foxes, whitetail deer			https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/crittercrossings/bear.cfm
Massachusetts Salamander Tunnels		Amherst	United States	Massachusetts	Henry St	Every year, spotted salamanders cross Henry St to reach vernal pools to mate and lay their eggs. Usually, Henry St is complete carnage, but two tunnels with drift fencing were built to help the salamanders cross safely	drift fencing to guide salamanders	1987			Spotted salamander	Spotted salamander	Volunteers attached paper circles to salamanders at each tunnel to make sure both were in use and not posing a barrier	The tunnels are 200 ft apart	https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/crittercrossings/salamand.cfm https://www.boston.com/cars/news-and-reviews/2015/03/25/there-are-teeny-tiny-underpasses-for-salamanders-in-massachusetts
Glacier National Park Goat Underpass		Glacier National Park	United States	Montana	Highway 2	Mountain goats like to travel to a natural salt lick near Middle Fork of the Flathead River and would be disturbed by the highway	wall, fence, and line of trees to direct movement	1979			Mountain goat	Mountain goat		success! All mountain goat crossings toward the salt lick use the underpass; this increased the visits and stays at the salt lick	https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/crittercrossings/goat.cfm
Paynes Prarie State Preserve		Paynes Prarie State Preserve	United States	Florida	US 441	This small stretch of road had more roadkill than any other part of the state, with thousands killed annually of more than 80 species; in a habitat that is (depending on rainfall) a prarie, marsh, or small lake; FDOT built wall and culvert system to reduc	A wall with a "lip" similar to ones used in zoo settings discourage animals from climbing over and divert them into culverts	1996			reptiles and amphibians,reptiles and amphibians,reptiles and amphibians,	9 fish species, 2 salamander species, 11 frog species, American alligator, lizard, 11 snake spcies, 12 mammal species	roadkill surveys, funnel traps, sand track pads, active and incidental observations	won the Globe Engineering Award	https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/crittercrossings/amphibin.cfm https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703004087?casatoken=At4N4e8fo0AAAAA:GAjr3muSfBkwYcy3mt9ysICewFuC2uTxBY0HeMGNyUo5oy-1YuwtV1Di6J9exrxI2g-YF7u
Paynes Prarie State Preserve		Paynes Prarie State Preserve	United States	Florida	US 441	This small stretch of road had more roadkill than any other part of the state, with thousands killed annually of more than 80 species; in a habitat that is (depending on rainfall) a prarie, marsh, or small lake; FDOT built wall and culvert system to reduc	A wall with a "lip" similar to ones used in zoo settings discourage animals from climbing over and divert them into culverts	1996			reptiles and amphibians,reptiles and amphibians,reptiles and amphibians,	9 fish species, 2 salamander species, 11 frog species, American alligator, lizard, 11 snake spcies, 12 mammal species	roadkill surveys, funnel traps, sand track pads, active and incidental observations	won the Globe Engineering Award	https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/crittercrossings/amphibin.cfm https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703004087?casatoken=At4N4e8fo0AAAAA:GAjr3muSfBkwYcy3mt9ysICewFuC2uTxBY0HeMGNyUo5oy-1YuwtV1Di6J9exrxI2g-YF7u
Paynes Prarie State Preserve		Paynes Prarie State Preserve	United States	Florida	US 441	This small stretch of road had more roadkill than any other part of the state, with thousands killed annually of more than 80 species; in a habitat that is (depending on rainfall) a prarie, marsh, or small lake; FDOT built wall and culvert system to reduc	A wall with a "lip" similar to ones used in zoo settings discourage animals from climbing over and divert them into culverts	1996			reptiles and amphibians,reptiles and amphibians,reptiles and amphibians,	9 fish species, 2 salamander species, 11 frog species, American alligator, lizard, 11 snake spcies, 12 mammal species	roadkill surveys, funnel traps, sand track pads, active and incidental observations	won the Globe Engineering Award	https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/crittercrossings/amphibin.cfm https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320703004087?casatoken=At4N4e8fo0AAAAA:GAjr3muSfBkwYcy3mt9ysICewFuC2uTxBY0HeMGNyUo5oy-1YuwtV1Di6J9exrxI2g-YF7u
Marjorie Harris Carr Cross-Florida Greenway Overpa		Marion County	United States	Florida	Over Interstate 75 near Ocala	The Marjorie Harris Carr Cross-Florida Greenway was split for years by the I-75 highway, but this overpass reconnects the greenway for humans and animals		2000				Black bear, deer, foxes, coyotes		first "land bridge" in US serves humans during the day, animals during the nights	https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/crittercrossings/overpass.cfm
Parley's Summit Wildlife Bridge		Parley's Summit	United States	Utah	I-80	This stretch of road was known as "Slaughter Row" due to all of the road kill; $5 million of a $22 million road improvement plan was set aside for the construction of an overpass; it is the SECOND animal crossing in Utah and is the largest		2018	$5000000		Deer, moose, elk	Moose, elk, racoons, deer, bobcat, black bear, cougar, yellow-bellied marmot, porcupines	Camera trap monitoring		https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/i-80-wildlife-overpass https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/animals-are-using-utahs-largest-wil
Pequops Wildlife Crossing Project (Overpasses)		Elko County	United States	Nevada	US Hwy 93	Both were built to reduce wildlife collisions, citing concerns for property damage and risk to drivers being the reason; Reconnect mule deer migration path and The crossings improve regional traffic safety and habitat connectivity by reduce collisions as	3 miles of fencing	2010	$1,800,000 and $3,100,000	safety of drivers	Mule deer	Mule deer	Motion detectors and cameras	No collisions since the completion of the bridge (in that area) Two of 9 safety crossings with 60 miles of 8 foot fencing on 1-80 and I-93 at a cost of $14 million. Span 200 feet each	https://naes.unr.edu/research/researchproject.aspx?GrantID=660 https://elkodaily.com/news/local/overpass-equals-safety-wildlife-use-u-s-93-bridge/article14dc6fb2-d86a-11df-be8c-001cc4c03286.html https://elkodaily.com/opinion/editorial/editorial-highways
Elko County Underpasses		Elko County	United States	Nevada	US Hwy 93	To reduce wildlife collisions with traffic		2010	2200000		Mule deer	Mule deer	Motion detectors and cameras		https://naes.unr.edu/research/researchproject.aspx?GrantID=660 https://elkodaily.com/news/local/overpass-equals-safety-wildlife-use-u-s-93-bridge/article14dc6fb2-d86a-11df-be8c-001cc4c03286.html https://elkodaily.com/opinion/editorial/editorial-highways
Oracle Road Overpass		Tuscon	United States	Arizona	Oracle Road			2016	9500000		Mule deer, bighorn sheep	11 species. Antelope jackrabbit, bobcat, coyote,desert cottontial, gray fox, javeelina, mule deer, pack rat.Over 98% of the crossings are by four species: mule deer, javelina, bobcat, and coyote.	4-year monitoring program. Wildlife monitoring cameras	Over 10,000 wildlife crossings have been documented by AGFD cameras – 10,843 to be exact. These crossings are fairly evenly split between both structures, with 5,490 crossings at the overpass and 5,353 at the underpass.	https://www.sonorandesert.org/learning-more/wildlife-linkages-2/oracle-road-wildlife-crossings-2/oracle-road-wildlife-crossings-the-results/, https://www.sonorandesert.org/2020/04/22/the-latest-monitoring-data-from-the-oracle-road-wildlife-crossings/, htt
Oracle Road Underpass	Natural light comes in through the "skylight" that is the median between directions of traffic; "bowl" shaped dirt entrance to reduce traffic disturbance	Tuscon	United States	Arizona	Oracle Road	Catalina mountains and Big Wash connection		2016	(with above)		deer, bighorn, sheep,Deer, bighorn sheep	25 species, including badger,bobcat, coyote, jackrabbit, desert spiny lizard, fray fox, javelnina, squirrel, bat, coati,mule deer, bighorn, sheep,Deer, bighorn sheep.Over 98% of the crossings are by four species: mule deer, javelina, bobcat, and coyote.	4-year monitoring program.Tracks in the dirt; Wildlife monitoring cameras	Over 10,000 wildlife crossings have been documented by AGFD cameras – 10,843 to be exact. These crossings are fairly evenly split between both structures, with 5,490 crossings at the overpass and 5,353 at the underpass.	https://www.sonorandesert.org/learning-more/wildlife-linkages-2/oracle-road-wildlife-crossings-2/oracle-road-wildlife-crossings-the-results/, https://www.sonorandesert.org/learning-more/wildlife-linkages-2/oracle-road-wildlife-crossings-2/ https://tucson.
Spotted Turtle Culvert		Carver	United States	Massachusetts	Route 44	Proposed highway improvement and relocation was studied for its impact on spotted turtles and a widened culvert was determined to be a good mitigation for barrier to movement		2004			Spotted turtle	Spotted turtle	Radio transmitters, direct evidence (observations, trails)		https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0qz725t8
Monkton Salamander Crossing		Monkton	United States	Vermont	Monkton-Vergennes Rd	Road separates swampy breeding area from upland wintering spots		2016	290000		Blue-spotted Salamander,	Blue-spotted salamander, wood frog, spring peeper, yellow-spotted salamander, eastern newts, four-toed salamanders; skunks, raccoons, foxes	Cameras	https://www.lewiscreek.org/monkton-wildlife-crossing,	https://www.lewiscreek.org/monkton-wildlife-crossing,,https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/2016/03/28/hundreds-saved-new-vermont-salamander-crossing/82336084/
Trapper's Point Overpasses		Pinedale	United States	Wyoming	US 191		23 km of fencing	2012	5000000		Pronghorn	Mule deer, elk, moose, pronghorn	Camera surveillence		http://www.pinedaleonline.com/news/2012/11/Newcrossingshelpwild.htm https://www.trapperspoint.com/about.htm
Trapper's Point Underpass		Pinedale	United States	Wyoming	US 191		23 km of fencing	2012	3600000		Pronghorn	Mule deer, elk, moose, pronghorn	Camera surveillence		http://www.pinedaleonline.com/news/2012/11/Newcrossingshelpwild.htm https://www.trapperspoint.com/about.htm
Salmon Canon	proprietary plastic mix	Colombia River	United States	Washington	Upper Colombia River dam	Salmon have not reached historic spawning waters in more than 90 years due to dam obsticles; salmon canon shoots fish over the dam in seconds (does not hurt them, saves them energy, most efficient method to date)		2014	$2-4,000,000		Salmon	Salmon	Machine learning sorts fish and scans for size, species, and wounding		https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/more-than-a-viral-sensation-the-salmon-cannon-could-bring-the-species-back-to-the-upper-columbia-after-90-years/ https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/aug/15/salmon-cannon-fish-dam
Intercounty Connector Wildlife Passes		Rockville	United States	Maryland	ICC/Maryland Route 200	ICC constructed in 2011 included 10 wildlife crossings to reduce wildlife fatalities		2011				Deer, racoons, opossums	Camera traps		https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/environment/bs-xpm-2011-01-02-bs-gr-wildlife-highways-20110102-story.html
Florida Crocodile Underpasses		"The Stretch" US1	United States	Florida	US 1	Almost 20 underpasses and culverts for allowing panthers and crocodiles; uninterrupted water flow into Florida Bay, reconnected to Lake Surprise		2018		water flow	Florida panther, crocodile				https://fla-keys.com/news/article/8190/, https://www.islamoradatimes.com/the-stretch/
Big Pine Key Deer Underpasses		Big Pine Key	United States	Florida	US 1	Flroida Key deer is endangered and the biggest threat is deer-vehicle collisions; most of the population of the Florida Key deer is on Big Pine Key; two underpasses, fencing, and experimental deer exclusion guards were constructed to reduce collisions	deer guards, fencing	2002			Florida Key deer	Florida Key deer	Camera trap, wildlife collision survey, radio-collaring		https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nova-Silvy/publication/255512845EffectivenessoffencingunderpassesanddeerguardsinreducingKeydeermortalityontheUS1CorridorBigPineKeyFlorida/links/0deec53833a6de9c72000000/Effectiveness-of-fencing-und
Colorado I-70 Wildlife Pass		West Vail Pass	United States	Colorado	I-70	Identified as one of the highest mortality sections of road							citizen science		https://www.summitcountysafepassages.org/initiatives/vail-pass/ https://goi70.com/news/2019/great-news-wildlife-i-70#:~:text=The%20I%2D70%20Mountain%20Corridor%20stretches%20144%20miles%20from%20Golden,Colorado%27s%20most%20popular%20recreation%20areas. h
Silver Zone Pass Overpass		Oasis-West Wendover	United States	Nevada	I-80	Reconnect mule deer migration path and The crossings improve regional traffic safety and habitat connectivity by reduce collisions as deer cross the roadways while migrating between the Jarbidge and Pequop mountain ranges.		2013	2750000		Mule deer	Mule deer	Radio collars on mule deer	Kari says they are used to the crossings and go straight across with no hesitation or wandering around. This knowledge is being passed from doe to fawn and Kari said there are now deer that probably do not remember the old, dangerous, highway crossingsOne	https://www.conteches.com/knowledge-center/case-studies/details/slug/i-80-wildlife-crossing https://arc-solutions.org/article/i-80-wildlife-overpass-construction-begins/, ,https://elkodaily.com/news/local/nature-notes-mule-deer-are-on-their-spring-migrat
10 Mile Summit Overpass (1)		Wells	United States	Nevada	I-93	Reconnect mule deer migration path and The crossings improve regional traffic safety and habitat connectivity by reduce collisions as deer cross the roadways while migrating between the Jarbidge and Pequop mountain ranges.		2010	1800000		Mule deer	American badger (Taxidea taxus), American pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), blacktailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and domestic cat	motion detectors, camera traps	Not used by elk. One of 9 safety crossings with 60 miles of 8 foot fencing on 1-80 and I-93 at a cost of $14 million. It is 162 feet across and 23 feet above the roadway with 3 miles of fencing	https://elkodaily.com/news/local/overpass-equals-safety-wildlife-use-u-s-bridge/article14dc6fb2-d86a-11df-be8c-001cc4c03286.html, https://arc-solutions.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Effectiveness-of-Crossing-Structures-for-Migratory-Ungulates.pdf
10 Mile Summit Overpass (2)		Wells	United States	Nevada	I-93	Reconnect mule deer migration path and The crossings improve regional traffic safety and habitat connectivity by reduce collisions as deer cross the roadways while migrating between the Jarbidge and Pequop mountain ranges.		2010	3100000		Mule deer	American badger (Taxidea taxus), American pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), blacktailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and domestic cat	motion detectors, camera traps	Not used by elk. One of 9 safety crossings with 60 miles of 8 foot fencing on 1-80 and I-93 at a cost of $14 million. It is 162 feet across and 23 feet above the roadway with 3 miles of fencing	https://elkodaily.com/news/local/overpass-equals-safety-wildlife-use-u-s-bridge/article14dc6fb2-d86a-11df-be8c-001cc4c03286.html, https://arc-solutions.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Effectiveness-of-Crossing-Structures-for-Migratory-Ungulates.pdf
10 Mile Summit Underpasses		Wells	United States	Nevada	I-93	Reconnect mule deer migration path and The crossings improve regional traffic safety and habitat connectivity by reduce collisions as deer cross the roadways while migrating between the Jarbidge and Pequop mountain ranges.		2010	2200000		Mule deer	American badger (Taxidea taxus), American pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), blacktailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and domestic cat	motion detectors, camera traps	Not used by elk. One of 9 safety crossings with 60 miles of 8 foot fencing on 1-80 and I-93 at a cost of $14 million. It is 162 feet across and 23 feet above the roadway with 3 miles of fencing	https://elkodaily.com/news/local/overpass-equals-safety-wildlife-use-u-s-bridge/article14dc6fb2-d86a-11df-be8c-001cc4c03286.html, https://arc-solutions.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Effectiveness-of-Crossing-Structures-for-Migratory-Ungulates.pdf
HD Summit Overpass		Wells	United States	Nevada	I-93	Reconnect mule deer migration path and The crossings improve regional traffic safety and habitat connectivity by reduce collisions as deer cross the roadways while migrating between the Jarbidge and Pequop mountain ranges.		2010			Mule deer	American badger (Taxidea taxus), American pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), blacktailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and domestic cat		Not used by elk. One of 9 safety crossings with 60 miles of 8 foot fencing on 1-80 and I-93 at a cost of $14 million. It is 162 feet across and 23 feet above the roadway with 3 miles of fencing	https://www.nevadadot.com/home/showdocument?id=6485, https://arc-solutions.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Effectiveness-of-Crossing-Structures-for-Migratory-Ungulates.pdf
HD Summit Underpass		Wells	United States	Nevada	I-93	Reconnect mule deer migration path and The crossings improve regional traffic safety and habitat connectivity by reduce collisions as deer cross the roadways while migrating between the Jarbidge and Pequop mountain ranges.		2010			Mule deer	American badger (Taxidea taxus), American pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), blacktailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and domestic cat	Collected data during 8 migrations (autumn 2010 through spring 2014).	Not used by elk. One of 9 safety crossings with 60 miles of 8 foot fencing on 1-80 and I-93 at a cost of $14 million. It is 162 feet across and 23 feet above the roadway with 3 miles of fencing	https://arc-solutions.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Effectiveness-of-Crossing-Structures-for-Migratory-Ungulates.pdf, https://elkodaily.com/news/local/overpass-equals-safety-wildlife-use-u-s-bridge/article14dc6fb2-d86a-11df-be8c-001cc4c03286.html,https:/
Powys Toad Tunnels		Llandrindod Wells lake, Powys	Wales	Mid Wales	Powys Road	Multiple species of amphibians cross the Powys road to spawn in the nearby Llandrindod Wells Lake and this caused a temporary closure (and may volunteers rescuing toads); then two tunnels were built with a ditch to divert movement to avoid the closure	400 m ditch	2010		to avoid road closure					http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uknews/wales/mid/8597006.stm#:~:text='Toad%20tunnels'%20for%20amphibians%20looking%20for%20love%20in%20Powys,-Toads%20are%20already&text=For%20the%20last%20five%20years,steep%20kerbs%2C%20cars%20and%20predators.
Hoolock Gibbon Bridges (1)	bamboo	Borajan reserve	India	Assam		In the greater Bherjan-Borajan-Podumoni Wildlife Sanctuary in Tinsukia, Assam, India, 9 bridges were constructed out of bamboo to assist gibbons in their canopy movements		2013		decrease fatal falls, help gibbons avoid traveling on the ground where preditors are	Hoolock gibbon	Hoolock gibbon	oberservations of bridge use and troop behavior		https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-88604-622
Hoolock Gibbon Bridges (2)	bamboo	Borajan reserve	India	Assam		In the greater Bherjan-Borajan-Podumoni Wildlife Sanctuary in Tinsukia, Assam, India, 9 bridges were constructed out of bamboo to assist gibbons in their canopy movements		2013		decrease fatal falls, help gibbons avoid traveling on the ground where preditors are	Hoolock gibbon	Hoolock gibbon	oberservations of bridge use and troop behavior		https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-88604-622
Hoolock Gibbon Bridges (3)	bamboo	Borajan reserve	India	Assam		In the greater Bherjan-Borajan-Podumoni Wildlife Sanctuary in Tinsukia, Assam, India, 9 bridges were constructed out of bamboo to assist gibbons in their canopy movements		2013		decrease fatal falls, help gibbons avoid traveling on the ground where preditors are	Hoolock gibbon	Hoolock gibbon	oberservations of bridge use and troop behavior		https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-88604-622
Hoolock Gibbon Bridges (4)	bamboo	Borajan reserve	India	Assam		In the greater Bherjan-Borajan-Podumoni Wildlife Sanctuary in Tinsukia, Assam, India, 9 bridges were constructed out of bamboo to assist gibbons in their canopy movements		2013		decrease fatal falls, help gibbons avoid traveling on the ground where preditors are	Hoolock gibbon	Hoolock gibbon	oberservations of bridge use and troop behavior		https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-88604-622
Hoolock Gibbon Bridges (5)	bamboo	Borajan reserve	India	Assam		In the greater Bherjan-Borajan-Podumoni Wildlife Sanctuary in Tinsukia, Assam, India, 9 bridges were constructed out of bamboo to assist gibbons in their canopy movements		2013		decrease fatal falls, help gibbons avoid traveling on the ground where preditors are	Hoolock gibbon	Hoolock gibbon	oberservations of bridge use and troop behavior		https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-88604-622
Hoolock Gibbon Bridges (6)	bamboo	Borajan reserve	India	Assam		In the greater Bherjan-Borajan-Podumoni Wildlife Sanctuary in Tinsukia, Assam, India, 9 bridges were constructed out of bamboo to assist gibbons in their canopy movements		2013		decrease fatal falls, help gibbons avoid traveling on the ground where preditors are	Hoolock gibbon	Hoolock gibbon	oberservations of bridge use and troop behavior		https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-88604-622
Hoolock Gibbon Bridges (7)	bamboo	Borajan reserve	India	Assam		In the greater Bherjan-Borajan-Podumoni Wildlife Sanctuary in Tinsukia, Assam, India, 9 bridges were constructed out of bamboo to assist gibbons in their canopy movements		2013		decrease fatal falls, help gibbons avoid traveling on the ground where preditors are	Hoolock gibbon	Hoolock gibbon	oberservations of bridge use and troop behavior		https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-88604-622
Hoolock Gibbon Bridges (8)	bamboo	Borajan reserve	India	Assam		In the greater Bherjan-Borajan-Podumoni Wildlife Sanctuary in Tinsukia, Assam, India, 9 bridges were constructed out of bamboo to assist gibbons in their canopy movements		2013		decrease fatal falls, help gibbons avoid traveling on the ground where preditors are	Hoolock gibbon	Hoolock gibbon	oberservations of bridge use and troop behavior		https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-88604-622
Hoolock Gibbon Bridges (9)	bamboo	Borajan reserve	India	Assam		In the greater Bherjan-Borajan-Podumoni Wildlife Sanctuary in Tinsukia, Assam, India, 9 bridges were constructed out of bamboo to assist gibbons in their canopy movements		2013		decrease fatal falls, help gibbons avoid traveling on the ground where preditors are	Hoolock gibbon	Hoolock gibbon	oberservations of bridge use and troop behavior		https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-88604-622
Orang-Utan Bridges	rope, webbing	Kinabatangan	Malaysia	Sandakan	Kinabatangan River	Due to timber activities, the natural bridges that were old growth trees have been removed, making it difficult for animals to cross the wide river		2003			Orangutan	Orangutan, macaques, proboscis	camera trap		https://www.houstonzoo.org/blog/saving-orangutans-one-bridge-time/ https://www.hutan.org.my/where-we-work/
Hainan gibbon canopy bridges	rope	Hainan Bawangling Nature Reserve	China	Hainan Island		To combat forest fragmentation barriers to movement for the Hainan gibbon, canopy bridges were contructed and monitored		2015			Hainan gibbon	Hainan gibbon, Palla's squirell, flying squirrel, rodent	camera trap		https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-72641-z
Bandicoot Underpass A		Perth	Australia	Western Australia	Roe Highway Stage Seven	The Roe Highway Stage Seven was built in 2006, splitting remnant vegetation and posing a barrier to wildlife movement as well as a roadkill threat; three underpasses were constructed and monitored for bandicoot use		2005			Southern brown bandicoot	Southern brown bandicoot, fox	sand pads, passive integrated transponders (PIT tags), Trovan scanner/decoder		https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Roberta-Bencini/publication/232288085MultipleindividualsouthernbrownbandicootsIsoodonobesulusfusciventerandfoxesVulpesvulpesuseunderpassesinstalledatanewhighwayinPerthWesternAustralia/links/0912f,https://www.abc.net.au
Bandicoot Underpass B		Perth	Australia	Western Australia	Roe Highway Stage Seven	The Roe Highway Stage Seven was built in 2006, splitting remnant vegetation and posing a barrier to wildlife movement as well as a roadkill threat; three underpasses were constructed and monitored for bandicoot use		2005			Southern brown bandicoot	Southern brown bandicoot, fox	sand pads, passive integrated transponders (PIT tags), Trovan scanner/decoder		https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Roberta-Bencini/publication/232288085MultipleindividualsouthernbrownbandicootsIsoodonobesulusfusciventerandfoxesVulpesvulpesuseunderpassesinstalledatanewhighwayinPerthWesternAustralia/links/0912f
Bandicoot Underpass C		Perth	Australia	Western Australia	Roe Highway Stage Seven	The Roe Highway Stage Seven was built in 2006, splitting remnant vegetation and posing a barrier to wildlife movement as well as a roadkill threat; three underpasses were constructed and monitored for bandicoot use		2005			Southern brown bandicoot	Southern brown bandicoot, fox	sand pads, passive integrated transponders (PIT tags), Trovan scanner/decoder		https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Roberta-Bencini/publication/232288085MultipleindividualsouthernbrownbandicootsIsoodonobesulusfusciventerandfoxesVulpesvulpesuseunderpassesinstalledatanewhighwayinPerthWesternAustralia/links/0912f
Pacific Highway Box Culvert Underpasses		Brunswick Heads	Australia	New South Wales	Pacific Highway	Pacific Highway is a mortality threat to wildlife crossing the road; this study sought to figure out what species cross use the culverts often and effectively		2000		decrease wildlife fatalities		Bandicoots, rats, wallabies, cane toads, possums, echidnas, lizards, birds, introduced carnivors, koala	sand pads in middle of culvert		https://www.publish.csiro.au/wr/WR01062
Mt. Higginbotham Underpasses		Mt. Higginbotham	Australia	Victoria	Alpine Way	The mountain pygmy possum is restricted to a habitat range of over 1430 m, habitat connectivity threatened by development of roads and ski resort	drift fencing	1985			Mountain pygmy possum	Mountain pygmy possum	camera trap		https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3809200.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ac99715a058f23c7134fd4b29c12132ad https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26268295.pdf
Maldon-Dombarton Railway Culverts		Wollongong	Australia	New South Wales	Maldon-Dombarton Railway	Culverts built for water drainage, but monitored for animal use		1984		water drainage		Bush rat, feral cat, long-nosed bandicoot	trapping, prints, scat, hair		https://watermark.silverchair.com/az1987008.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhWErcy7Dm3ZL9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAsYwggLCBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKzMIICrwIBADCCAqgGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMzMB0mScAObJZux7SAgEQgIICeS1zew0ghsvKad7Ub6fsdz-Q50SAZDIaLhQFRZjKAbG
Maldon-Dombarton Railway Tunnels		Wollongong	Australia	New South Wales	Maldon-Dombarton Railway	Tunnels built for wildlife to reduce the effect of fragmentation from the railway		1984				Dogs, fox, swamp wallaby	trapping, prints, scat, hair		https://watermark.silverchair.com/az1987008.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhWErcy7Dm3ZL9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAsYwggLCBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKzMIICrwIBADCCAqgGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMzMB0mScAObJZux7SAgEQgIICeS1zew0ghsvKad7Ub6fsdz-Q50SAZDIaLhQFRZjKAbG
Mackay Glider Poles	wood	Padaminka Nature Refuge	Australia	Queensland		Glider poles were erected to help squirrel gliders bridge a 70m gap between two habitat patches		2005	7500		Squirrel gliders	Squirrel gliders	trapping, radiotracking, hair tubes		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204608000832?casatoken=AJyk1scq6H0AAAAA:F8xilHUkgyn-OxFdikH7TZCU8oiOSjL90-REiESpNsFi1vvGFjti7ZvhUCUrKAO7aKJ0R
Calder Freeway Underpass		Macedon	Australia	Victoria	Calder Freeway	Allows for movement between two fragmented forest patches under Calder Freeway		1999	2300000		Birds, arboreal mammals, frogs, reptiles	31 mammals, 4 reptiles, 6 frogs, 37 bird species (9 of the total are introduced)	active searches, bat detectors, bird surveys, hair tubing, spotlighting, pitfal traps, sand pads		https://escholarship.org/content/qt6s9970wb/qt6s9970wb.pdf
Calder Freeway Culverts		Macedon	Australia	Victoria	Calder Freeway	Allows for movement between two fragmented forest patches under Calder Freeway		1999		The crossings are designed to enable the continuation and diversity of the gene pool in species' breeding. These crossings include bridge underpasses, culvert underpasses, at grade or over freeway crossings, and over-freeway cable crossings.		At least four species of reptile, six species of amphibian, 24 confirmed and seven unconfirmed mammal species and 37 bird species within or above the underpass,	12-Month monitoring using 14 methods was used, targeting various fauna groups, including ground dwelling mammals, arboreal or semi-arboreal mammals, reptiles, amphibians and birds.	Statistical analysis did demonstrate that native and some introduced species demonstrated an attraction to the underpass, whilst some other native species were rarely detected within the underpass, and were more often detected within the surrounding fo	https://escholarship.org/content/qt6s9970wb/qt6s9970wb.pdf, https://trid.trb.org/view/795626, https://eprints.utas.edu.au/19188/1/whole_AbsonRodney2004_thesis.pdf
Robert L.B. Tobin Land Bridge		San Antonio	United States	Texas	Wurzbach Parkway	Phil Hardberger 330 acre park is bisected by the six-lane Phil Hardberger Park (which may eventually become 8 lanes); open to both people and animals; currently the largest land bridge in the United States		2020	23000000						https://www.ecowatch.com/san-antonio-wildlife-bridge-2649485994.html?rebelltitem=2#rebelltitem2
Squirrel Bridge	Synthetic rope that stretches between trees on either side of the roadway	Berlin	Germany	Friedrichshagen	Mueggelseedamm		Wooden boxes filled with nuts are fastened at each end of the rope to lure the squirrels.	2014	500 Euro	Reduce car fatalities	Squirrels		Visual observations
Colobridges	Rope ladders	Diana Beach	Kenya		Diana Beach Road	Response to an outcry from local residents about the high number of deaths of colobus monkeys on the Diani Beach road.		1997			Angolan Colobus monkey	Angolan Colobus monkey		Now a tourist attraction	https://www.colobusconservation.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=190&Itemid=664
Hamilton Road Glider Poles	Wooden poles	Chermside	Australia	Queensland	Hamilton Road			2005			Squirrel gliders	Squirrel gliders	Hair traps and specialised infra-red cameras revealed the squirrel gliders were using the wooden poles at least once per week.		https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2011.00847.x, https://www.scu.edu.au/engage/news/latest-news/2013/how-did-the-gliding-mammal-cross-the-road-turning-power-poles-into-stepping-stones.php
Red Squirrel Bridge	Rope bridge	Shieldaig	Scotland	Highlands	A896	Part of a reintroduction of red squirrels to the north west Highlands	Installed feeders at each end of the bridge to encourage the squirrels to use it	2017		Part of red squirrel reintroduction to Highlands	Red Squirrels	Red squirrels		Since the bridge and signs went up, there has only been one known red squirrel death on the road, and this year has not had any reported fatalities.Two new litters of red squirrels found.	https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-45101651
Tree Bridge	Tubular element over the road, which is connected to the trees on both sides by means of a network of ropes that connects the trees at the edge of the road and the tube	Brussels	Belgium			The placement of the tree bridge is part of the defragmentation measures that the Flemish government is taking to reconnect the habitats of animals that are separated by roads.		2013			Squirrels and pine martens	No information available			https://web.archive.org/web/20140327204146/,http://www.wegenenverkeer.be/home/item/plaatsing-boombrug-over-de-ring-om-brusselr0.html?category_id=14
Squirrel Bridge	Thick cord that is stretched between two trees on either side of the street	Brecht	Belgium			In many places in our municipality, squirrels are often victims of traffic when they cross from one bush to another. The municipality of Brecht wants to put an end to this by installing squirrel bridges		2013	250 Euros per bridge	The squirrel bridge is part of the project to promote biodiversity in Brecht.	Squirrels	No information available			https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20131211_00883358
Squirrel Pipeline	Zip line	La Rochelle	France	Poitou-Charentes		This is part of a plan for the “renaturation” of the City	Provide nuts at the start of the passage to guide the squirrels	2012			Squirrels	No information available			https://www.sudouest.fr/2012/03/14/l-ecureuil-n-a-pas-le-vertige-658315-650.php?nic
Squirrel Bridge	Rope bridge	Cramlington	United Kingdom	Northumberland	B1326			2020	750 Euro	Reduce red squirrel fatalities	Squirrels	No information available	None mentioned		https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/northumberland-red-squirrel-bridge-installed-18744877
Squirrel Bridge	Rope bridge	Ince Blundell, near Formby	United Kingdom	Merseyside	A565 at Moor Lane			2004		Reduce red squirrel fatalities	Squirrels	No information available	None mentioned		http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/animals/newsid_3523000/3523805.stm
Squirrel Bridge	rope bridge consists of two parallel 6-10 centimeter thick ropes, between which a kind of net is placed.	Amstelpark	Netherlands	Amstderdam	6 Streets-tree bridges have been constructed over the Amstelveenseweg , Van der Boechorststraat, Van Leijenberghlaan, Van Heenvlietlaan, Buitenvelderstelaan and the Europaboulevard	For the Red Squirrel, Gijsbrecht van Aemstelpark is an important ecological connection between the Amsterdamse Bos and the Amstelpark . The Amsterdamse Bos and the Amstelpark are important habitats for the squirrel and exchange between them is important.		2012		Reduce red squirrel fatalities	Squirrels	No information available	None mentioned		https://www.studiokoning.nl/Foto_3/Eekhoornbrug.htm
Squirrel Bridge	Rope bridge	Vlotho	Germany		Burgstrasse			2012		Reduce red squirrel fatalities	Squirrels	No information available	None mentioned		https://www.mt.de/lokales/minden/Vlothos-erste-Eichhoernchenbruecke-7211796.html
Kingcausie Wildlife Overbridge		Aberdeen	Scotland		A section of the new Aberdeen bypass, near the ancient Cleanill Wood			2008	£100,000		Squirrels	No information available			https://www.buildscotland.co.uk/construction-news/76638/squirrel-bridge-to-be-built-over-new-aberdeen-bypass
Squirrel Bridge			Netherlands		Rijksweg 12, Kilometers 73, 90			2012			Squirrels	No information available			https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_bridge#cite_note-rtl-6
Squirrel Bridge		Roermond	Netherlands					2013			Squirrels	No information available			https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_bridge#cite_note-rtl-6
Lake Jackson Ecopassage		Tallahassee	United States	Florida	Highway 27	In Tallahassee, a study showed that 90 percent of the turtles that tried to cross Highway 27 from Lake Jackson to a nearby waterway didn't make it.	a solid polymer wall with two additional culverts under the roadway.	2010	$3.4 million — was granted through federal stimulus money.		Turtles, alligators	Turtles, alligators		Saved 8,800 turtles in one year	https://lakejacksonturtles.org/
Wildlife Crossing		Grauholz	Switzerland		A1			0			Roe deer			Considered too narrow as ‘alarm behaviour’ was recorded in roe deer using the structure.	https://onedrive.live.com/?cid=3E2E9FF710ECC0B5&id=3E2E9FF710ECC0B5%21271717&parId=3E2E9FF710ECC0B5%21270726&o=OneUp
Ecoduct	Concrete of 0.4m and a minimum soil layer of 1.5m, which allows the growth of forest vegetation without watering.	Aspiholz	Switzerland					0			Amphibians	Rare insect species. Small ponds on the bridge attract amphibians during migration and reproduction		No raw data is provided or details of monitoring studies.	https://onedrive.live.com/?cid=3E2E9FF710ECC0B5&id=3E2E9FF710ECC0B5%21271717&parId=3E2E9FF710ECC0B5%21270726&o=OneUp
Ecoduct	Concrete of 0.4m and a minimum soil layer of 1.5m, which allows the growth of forest vegetation without watering.	Fuchswies	Switzerland					0			Amphibians	Rare insect species. Small ponds on the bridge attract amphibians during migration and reproduction			https://onedrive.live.com/?cid=3E2E9FF710ECC0B5&id=3E2E9FF710ECC0B5%21271717&parId=3E2E9FF710ECC0B5%21270726&o=OneUp
Bat Underpass A	bridleway (a wide footpath designed for horses, pedestrians and cyclists) beneath the road	Cumbria	England	Northern England	A590	located in rural lowland used primarily for agricultural grazing, with linear elements such as hedgerows, dry stone walls and tree lines providing connectivity for bats [28], [29]. The importance of all sites as bat foraging and commuting routes was estab		2008			Bats			Not effective mitigation measures: very few bats flew through them relative to the number crossing at unsafe heights over the road above	https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038775
Christmas Island Crab Tunnels		Christmas Island	Australia	Christmas Island	Roadway	Every first rainfall of the wet season (in Oct. or Nov.) triggers the migration of red crabs from the forest into the ocean to mate and spawn. Along the way, they are often hit by cars or face substantial barriers to movement and they can dessicate; high	20 km of guide barriers to funnel crab traffic	2015		Habitat loss and barriers increases chance of dehydrating and being hit by vehicles	Red crab	Red crab			https://parksaustralia.gov.au/christmas/discover/highlights/red-crab-migration/ https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/crabs-get-safety-bridge-passage-sea/ https://roaring.earth/millions-of-crabs/
Bat Gantry	Two wooden or metal pylons erected at either side of the road with 2 or 3 pairs of wires spanning the road between them (approximately 20 m on two lane roads and 30 m on four lane roads), with plastic spheres at intervals of approximately 2 m, at a height	Cumbria	England	Northern England	A595	located in rural lowland used primarily for agricultural grazing, with linear elements such as hedgerows, dry stone walls and tree lines providing connectivity for bats [28], [29]. The importance of all sites as bat foraging and commuting routes was estab		2008			Bats			far more bats (84%) crossed the road at unsafe heights than flew within 2 m (<1%; Z = 2.81, P = 0.002) or 5 m (6%; Z = 2.81, P = 0.002) of the gantry.	https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038775
Bat Gantry	Two wooden or metal pylons erected at either side of the road with 2 or 3 pairs of wires spanning the road between them (approximately 20 m on two lane roads and 30 m on four lane roads), with plastic spheres at intervals of approximately 2 m, at a height	Northumberland	England		A69	located in rural lowland used primarily for agricultural grazing, with linear elements such as hedgerows, dry stone walls and tree lines providing connectivity for bats [28], [29]. The importance of all sites as bat foraging and commuting routes was estab		2009			Bats			more bats crossed the road at unsafe heights (17%) than flew within 2 m of the gantry (8%; Z = 1.17, P = 0.31), but fewer bats crossed at unsafe heights compared to those flying within 5 m of the gantry	https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038775
Bat Gantry	Two wooden or metal pylons erected at either side of the road with 2 or 3 pairs of wires spanning the road between them (approximately 20 m on two lane roads and 30 m on four lane roads), with plastic spheres at intervals of approximately 2 m, at a height	Cumbria	England	Northern England	A66	located in rural lowland used primarily for agricultural grazing, with linear elements such as hedgerows, dry stone walls and tree lines providing connectivity for bats [28], [29]. The importance of all sites as bat foraging and commuting routes was estab		2002			Bats			far more bats (70%) crossed at unsafe heights, than flew within 2 m (2%; Z = 2.81, P = 0.002) or 5 m (9%; Z = 2.81, P = 0.002) of the gantry.	https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038775
Bat Bridge	U ‐ shaped metal structure with a grid parallel to the road was installed to help bats to better detect the overpass and to force them to fly at a safe height across the road	Moulin ‐ Paris	France	Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes	A89	To mitigate the fragmenting effect of the road and restore connectivity, two overpasses (MP & TR) were placed within the bat commuting routes identified during the preconstruction EIA.		2013			Bats		two automatic acoustic recorders per site (Song Meter SM2Bat +, Wildlife Acoustics Inc.), one on each side of the overpass (henceforth referred to as a “pair”).	Overall, our results show that bat overpasses are more successful when they are placed in a location with forested areas on both side of the road and that they are avoided when placed in open habitats such as farmland.A bat overpass is more likely to fail	https://structurae.net/en/structures/neronde-bat-bridge, https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2664.13288, https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/978
Bat Bridge	Wires with polystyrene balls	Troissereux	France	Picardie region near Beauvais	D901	To mitigate the fragmenting effect of the road and restore connectivity, two overpasses (MP & TR) were placed within the bat commuting routes identified during the preconstruction EIA.Construction of the TR road, which occurred between 2015 and 2016, led		2016			Bats		two automatic acoustic recorders per site (Song Meter SM2Bat +, Wildlife Acoustics Inc.), one on each side of the overpass (henceforth referred to as a “pair”).	Overall, our results show that bat overpasses are more successful when they are placed in a location with forested areas on both side of the road and that they are avoided when placed in open habitats such as farmland.A bat overpass is more likely to fail	https://structurae.net/en/structures/neronde-bat-bridge, https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2664.13288, https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/978
Bat Gantry	Two wooden or metal pylons erected at either side of the road with 2 or 3 pairs of wires spanning the road between them (approximately 20 m on two lane roads and 30 m on four lane roads), with plastic spheres at intervals of approximately 2 m, at a height	Cumbria	England	Northern England	A590	located in rural lowland used primarily for agricultural grazing, with linear elements such as hedgerows, dry stone walls and tree lines providing connectivity for bats [28], [29]. The importance of all sites as bat foraging and commuting routes was estab		2008			Bats			Four times as many (41%) crossed the road at unsafe heights as crossed within 2 m of the gantryes.	https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038775
Bat Underpass B	built to carry a hedgerow-lined minor road, a known commuting route	Cumbria	England	Northern England	A590	located in rural lowland used primarily for agricultural grazing, with linear elements such as hedgerows, dry stone walls and tree lines providing connectivity for bats [28], [29]. The importance of all sites as bat foraging and commuting routes was estab		2008			Bats			high levels of use by commuting bats, with just 4% crossing at risk of collision mortality on the road above. This underpass is effective in allowing bats to cross the road safely.	https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038775
Bat Underpass	built at the eastern edge of the wood to carry a small stream, and its use by crossing bats was also investigated	Cumbria	England	Northern England	A66	located in rural lowland used primarily for agricultural grazing, with linear elements such as hedgerows, dry stone walls and tree lines providing connectivity for bats [28], [29]. The importance of all sites as bat foraging and commuting routes was estab		2002			Bats			Not effective mitigation measures: very few bats flew through them relative to the number crossing at unsafe heights over the road above	https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038775
Brandenberg Crossing			Germany	Brandenburg	A12	Brandenburg state cur-rently hosts the largest wolf population in Germany;41 of Germany's 105 wolf packs were located within stateborders in 2019 (König et al., 2020).		0			Deer, wild boar	931 crossing events: 111 by wolves (65 individ-uals, 46 wolf packs), 431 by red deer, 106 by roe deer, 41by wild boar, and 43 by humans	Camera traps	When the bridge was constructed in 2012, wolfpacks were absent in the region.	https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/csp2.364
Environmental Overbridge		Gwynedd	Wales		A487		Woven wooden fencing installed to guide the bats to the bridge	2012			Bats			More bats crossed using the bridge (62%) than crossed the road below at unsafe heights (19%)
Environmental Underpass	Used as a livestock creep.	Gwynedd	Wales		A487	Constructed at an angle over the road to connect previous bat commuting routes	Woven wooden fencing installed to guide the bats to the bridge	2012			Bats			More bats overall used the underpass (66%) than over the road, but 30% of bats still crossed the road at unsafe heights. narrower and lower and do not appear to preserve original commuting routes in their entirety (even if positioned on
Hopyard Farm Underpass	Existed under original road and extended during widening. Both end have grilles fitted and open onto minor access roads with plantings at the roadside.	Monmouthshire	Wales		A465	Rhinolophus hipposideros roost at Llanwenarth house, approx. 400 m from the southern entrance.		2008			Bats			More bats flew through the underpass (70%) than over the road at unsafe heights (29%). narrower and lower and do not appear to preserve original commuting routes in their entirety (even if positioned on the same alignment as origina
Evesham Nurseries Underpass	Existed under original road and extended during widening. Both end have grilles fitted and open onto minor access roads with plantings at the roadside.	Monmouthshire	Wales		A465	Well connected tree linesoon either side and a fence at the southern entrance.		2008			Bats			Many more bats used the underpass (95%) than flew over the road at unsafe heights. This underpass is larger in both height and width than the other two underpasses studied, and also bridges a pre-‐existing commuting route along a
Scotney Castle Landscape Bridge	Lighting on underside of bridge	Kent	England		A21	Designed to maintain historic access to the National trust property at Scotney Castle and for wildlife crossing.		2005			Bats			Many more bats used the green bridge (97%) than flew over the road at unsafe heights (2%).
Bat Bridge 6	Wire mesh forming a V shape suspended between two vertical poles on each side of the road.	Norfolk	England		A11		Wire mesh also in place on each side of the poles from 4 m above ground level to top of structure to guide bats up and over the wires.	2014			Bats			More bats crossed the road at unsafe heights (80%) than crossed the road using the wire bridge (3%). Given the number of bat mitigation structures that have been installed on this scheme we assume pre-‐construction activity was high t
Bat Bridge 5	Wire mesh forming a V shape suspended between two vertical poles on each side of the road.	Norfolk	England		A11		Wire mesh also in place on each side of the poles from 4 m above ground level to top of structure to guide bats up and over the wires.	2014			Bats			No bats used the wire bridge. Given the number of bat mitigation structures that have been installed on this scheme we assume pre-‐construction activity was high to justify their construction. This suggests that there have be
Bat Bridge 3	Wire mesh forming a V shape suspended between two vertical poles on each side of the road.	Norfolk	England		A11		Wire mesh also in place on each side of the poles from 4 m above ground level to top of structure to guide bats up and over the wires.	2014			Bats			Low activity (2 observations). Given the number of bat mitigation structures that have been installed on this scheme we assume pre-‐construction activity was high to justify their construction. This suggests that there have b
Bat Overbridge		Norfolk	England		A11			2014			Bats			Low activity (3 observations)
Arizona Route 260 Underpasses 1		Near Payson	United States	Arizona	State Route 260	Specifically intended to reduce at-grade elk crossings and elk-vehicle collisions; constructed while road was being upgraded from a 2-lane to 4-lane highway		2001			Rocky Mountain Elk	elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, black bear, mountain lion, coyote, grey fox, raccoon	video-surveillene, radio collared elk	Reduction in wildlife fatalities of elk	https://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ540.pdf
Arizona Route 260 Underpasses 2		Near Payson	United States	Arizona	State Route 260	Specifically intended to reduce at-grade elk crossings and elk-vehicle collisions; constructed while road was being upgraded from a 2-lane to 4-lane highway		2001			Rocky Mountain Elk	elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, black bear, mountain lion, coyote, grey fox, raccoon	video-surveillene, radio collared elk	Reduction in wildlife fatalities of elk	https://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ540.pdf
Arizona Route 260 Underpasses 3-11		Near Payson	United States	Arizona	State Route 260	Specifically intended to reduce at-grade elk crossings and elk-vehicle collisions; constructed while road was being upgraded from a 2-lane to 4-lane highway		2008			Rocky Mountain Elk	elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, black bear, mountain lion, coyote, grey fox, raccoon	video-surveillene, radio collared elk	Reduction in wildlife fatalities of observations	https://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ540.pdf
Arizona Route 260 Overpasses 6		Near Payson	United States	Arizona	State Route 260	Designed for wildlife crossings		2008				elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, black bear, mountain lion, coyote, grey fox, raccoon	radio-collared elk	_reduction in wildlife fatalities of elk	https://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ540.pdf
Slaty Creek Wildlife Underpass		Macedon	Australia	Victoria	Calder Freeway	The underpass crosses the Calder Highway where the Slaty Creek is; native vegetation was attempted to be perserved, but the construction process disrupted a significant portion of it		1999	3000000			agile antechinus, brushtail possum, bush rat, cat, common bushtail, dog, eastern gray kangaroo, echidna, european rabbit, fox, horse, house mouse, koala, ringtail possum, sugar glider, swamp wallaby, wombat, coventry's skink, garden skink, McCoy's skink,	14 methods, including traps, sand trays, nest boxes, spotlighting, audio, active searching, incidental observations		https://eprints.utas.edu.au/19188/1/whole_AbsonRodney2004_thesis.pdf
Alligator Alley - Interstate 75 1-23		S. Florida	United States	Florida	I-75	"Alligator Alley" is I-75, State Route 29, or collectvely known as Everglades Parkway; cougard emerged as a species of special concern after people thought they were extinct in the area but were not; as the highways were constructed and improved, these wi		1993			Florida panther
Alligator Alley - Interstate 75 24-35		S. Florida	United States	Florida	I-75	"Alligator Alley" is I-75, State Route 29, or collectvely known as Everglades Parkway; cougard emerged as a species of special concern after people thought they were extinct in the area but were not; as the highways were constructed and improved, these wi		1993			Florida panther
Alligator Alley - State Route 29 1-2		S. Florida	United States	Florida	State Route 29	"Alligator Alley" is I-75, State Route 29, or collectvely known as Everglades Parkway; cougard emerged as a species of special concern after people thought they were extinct in the area but were not; as the highways were constructed and improved, these wi		1995			Florida panther
Alligator Alley - State Route 29 3-4		S. Florida	United States	Florida	State Route 29	"Alligator Alley" is I-75, State Route 29, or collectvely known as Everglades Parkway; cougard emerged as a species of special concern after people thought they were extinct in the area but were not; as the highways were constructed and improved, these wi		1998			Florida panther
Alligator Alley - State Route 29 5-6		S. Florida	United States	Florida	State Route 29	"Alligator Alley" is I-75, State Route 29, or collectvely known as Everglades Parkway; cougard emerged as a species of special concern after people thought they were extinct in the area but were not; as the highways were constructed and improved, these wi		2007			Florida panther
Virginia Box Culvert 3B		Virginia	United States	Virginia	Virginia roadways							black bear, white tailed deer, opossum, squirrel, house cat, bobcat, red fox, coyote, racoon, groundhog, mice, southern leopard frog, American toad, black rat snake, birds, fish	camera trap		https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3141/2011-17
Alligator Alley - Interstate 75 24-35		S. Florida	United States	Florida	I-75	"Alligator Alley" is I-75, State Route 29, or collectvely known as Everglades Parkway; cougard emerged as a species of special concern after people thought they were extinct in the area but were not; as the highways were constructed and improved, these wi		1993			Florida panther	Florida panther, bobcat, white-tailed deer, American alligator, opossum, black bear, marsh rabbit, domestic dog, coyote, humans, birds, turtles, snakes	camera trps	_successful in preventing panther deaths by collision	https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dgiq9UnHVf4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Jansen,+D.,+K.+Sherwood,+and+F.+E.+2010.+The+I- 75+Project:+Lessons+from+the+Florida+panther.+J.+P.+Beckmann,+A.+P.+Clevenger,+M.+P.+Huijser,+and+J.+A.+Hilty,+editors.+Safe+passages
Alligator Alley - State Route 29 1-2		S. Florida	United States	Florida	State Route 29	"Alligator Alley" is I-75, State Route 29, or collectvely known as Everglades Parkway; cougard emerged as a species of special concern after people thought they were extinct in the area but were not; as the highways were constructed and improved, these wi		1995			Florida panther	Florida panther, bobcat, white-tailed deer, American alligator, opossum, black bear, marsh rabbit, domestic dog, coyote, humans, birds, turtles, snakes	camera trps	_successful in preventing panther deaths by collision	https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dgiq9UnHVf4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Jansen,+D.,+K.+Sherwood,+and+F.+E.+2010.+The+I- 75+Project:+Lessons+from+the+Florida+panther.+J.+P.+Beckmann,+A.+P.+Clevenger,+M.+P.+Huijser,+and+J.+A.+Hilty,+editors.+Safe+passages
Alligator Alley - State Route 29 3-4		S. Florida	United States	Florida	State Route 29	"Alligator Alley" is I-75, State Route 29, or collectvely known as Everglades Parkway; cougard emerged as a species of special concern after people thought they were extinct in the area but were not; as the highways were constructed and improved, these wi		1998			Florida panther	Florida panther, bobcat, white-tailed deer, American alligator, opossum, black bear, marsh rabbit, domestic dog, coyote, humans, birds, turtles, snakes	camera trps	_successful in preventing panther deaths by collision	https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dgiq9UnHVf4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Jansen,+D.,+K.+Sherwood,+and+F.+E.+2010.+The+I- 75+Project:+Lessons+from+the+Florida+panther.+J.+P.+Beckmann,+A.+P.+Clevenger,+M.+P.+Huijser,+and+J.+A.+Hilty,+editors.+Safe+passages
Alligator Alley - State Route 29 5-6		S. Florida	United States	Florida	State Route 29	"Alligator Alley" is I-75, State Route 29, or collectvely known as Everglades Parkway; cougard emerged as a species of special concern after people thought they were extinct in the area but were not; as the highways were constructed and improved, these wi		2007			Florida panther	Florida panther, bobcat, white-tailed deer, American alligator, opossum, black bear, marsh rabbit, domestic dog, coyote, humans, birds, turtles, snakes	camera trps	_successful in preventing panther deaths by collision	https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dgiq9UnHVf4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Jansen,+D.,+K.+Sherwood,+and+F.+E.+2010.+The+I- 75+Project:+Lessons+from+the+Florida+panther.+J.+P.+Beckmann,+A.+P.+Clevenger,+M.+P.+Huijser,+and+J.+A.+Hilty,+editors.+Safe+passages
US Highway 64 Underpasses 1-2		Eastern North Carolina	United States	North Carolina	US Hwy 64	Improvements being made to expand and re-pave a two-lane rural road in order to increase traffic speed and volume; mammals such as black bears and red wolves were of concern, so underpasses were constructed in the style of previously constructed I-26 unde					black bear			_State bought easements near the entrances of the underpasses to reduce human activity and encourage animal use	https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/467/
US Highway 64 Underpasses 3		Eastern North Carolina	United States	North Carolina	US Hwy 64	Improvements being made to expand and re-pave a two-lane rural road in order to increase traffic speed and volume; mammals such as black bears and red wolves were of concern, so underpasses were constructed in the style of previously constructed I-26 unde					black bear			_State bought easements near the entrances of the underpasses to reduce human activity and encourage animal use	https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/467/
Interstate Highway 26 culverts		Madison County	United States	North Carolina	I-26			1991			black bear, red wolves, white-tailed deer	black bear, bobcat, broken-striped newt, cliff swallow, common muskrat, coyote, domestic cat, domestic dog, eastern bluebird, eastern chipmunk, eastern cottontail, eatern phoebe, gray fox, great blue heron, great crested flycatcher, groundhog, humans, lea	camera traps		https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dgiq9UnHVf4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Jansen,+D.,+K.+Sherwood,+and+F.+E.+2010.+The+I- 75+Project:+Lessons+from+the+Florida+panther.+J.+P.+Beckmann,+A.+P.+Clevenger,+M.+P.+Huijser,+and+J.+A.+Hilty,+editors.+Safe+passages
Virginia Box Culvert 1	not for wildlife use	Virginia	United States	Virginia	Virginia roadways				23000	not designed for wildlife		black bear, white tailed deer, opossum, squirrel, house cat, bobcat, red fox, coyote, racoon, groundhog, mice, southern leopard frog, American toad, black rat snake, birds, fish	camera trap		https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3141/2011-17
Alligator Alley - Interstate 75 1-23		S. Florida	United States	Florida	I-75	"Alligator Alley" is I-75, State Route 29, or collectvely known as Everglades Parkway; cougard emerged as a species of special concern after people thought they were extinct in the area but were not; as the highways were constructed and improved, these wi		1993			Florida panther	Florida panther, bobcat, white-tailed deer, American alligator, opossum, black bear, marsh rabbit, domestic dog, coyote, humans, birds, turtles, snakes	camera trps	_successful in preventing panther deaths by collision	https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dgiq9UnHVf4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Jansen,+D.,+K.+Sherwood,+and+F.+E.+2010.+The+I- 75+Project:+Lessons+from+the+Florida+panther.+J.+P.+Beckmann,+A.+P.+Clevenger,+M.+P.+Huijser,+and+J.+A.+Hilty,+editors.+Safe+passages
Virginia Box Culvert 3A		Virginia	United States	Virginia	Virginia roadways	Designed for wildlife crossings			6600			black bear, white tailed deer, opossum, squirrel, house cat, bobcat, red fox, coyote, racoon, groundhog, mice, southern leopard frog, American toad, black rat snake, birds, fish	camera trap		https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3141/2011-17
Slaty Creek Wildlife Underpass		Macedon	Australia	Victoria	Calder Freeway	The underpass crosses the Calder Highway where the Slaty Creek is; native vegetation was attempted to be perserved, but the construction process disrupted a significant portion of it		1999	3000000			agile antechinus, brushtail possum, bush rat, cat, common bushtail, dog, eastern gray kangaroo, echidna, european rabbit, fox, horse, house mouse, koala, ringtail possum, sugar glider, swamp wallaby, wombat, coventry's skink, garden skink, McCoy's skink,	14 methods, including traps, sand trays, nest boxes, spotlighting, audio, active searching, incidental observations		https://eprints.utas.edu.au/19188/1/whole_AbsonRodney2004_thesis.pdf
Virginia Triple Box Culvert	not for wildlife use	Virginia	United States	Virginia	Virginia roadways	Not specifically designed for wildlife use				not designed for wildlife		black bear, white tailed deer, opossum, squirrel, house cat, bobcat, red fox, coyote, racoon, groundhog, mice, southern leopard frog, American toad, black rat snake, birds, fish	camera trap		https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3141/2011-17
Virginia Double Box Culvert	not for wildlife use	Virginia	United States	Virginia	Virginia roadways	Not specifically designed for wildlife use				not designed for wildlife		black bear, white tailed deer, opossum, squirrel, house cat, bobcat, red fox, coyote, racoon, groundhog, mice, southern leopard frog, American toad, black rat snake, birds, fish	camera trap		https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3141/2011-17
Virginia Bridge 6	not for wildlife use	Virginia	United States	Virginia	Virginia roadways	Not specifically designed for wildlife use				not designed for wildlife		black bear, white tailed deer, opossum, squirrel, house cat, bobcat, red fox, coyote, racoon, groundhog, mice, southern leopard frog, American toad, black rat snake, birds, fish	camera trap		https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3141/2011-17
Arizona Route 260 Underpasses 1		Near Payson	United States	Arizona	State Route 260	Specifically intended to reduce at-grade elk crossings and elk-vehicle collisions; constructed while road was being upgraded from a 2-lane to 4-lane highway		2001			Rocky Mountain Elk	elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, black bear, mountain lion, coyote, grey fox, raccoon	video-surveillene, radio collared elk	_reduction in wildlife fatalities of elk	https://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ540.pdf
Arizona Route 260 Underpasses 2		Near Payson	United States	Arizona	State Route 260	Specifically intended to reduce at-grade elk crossings and elk-vehicle collisions; constructed while road was being upgraded from a 2-lane to 4-lane highway		2001			Rocky Mountain Elk	elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, black bear, mountain lion, coyote, grey fox, raccoon	video-surveillene, radio collared elk	_reduction in wildlife fatalities of elk	https://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ540.pdf
Arizona Route 260 Underpasses 3-11		Near Payson	United States	Arizona	State Route 260	Specifically intended to reduce at-grade elk crossings and elk-vehicle collisions; constructed while road was being upgraded from a 2-lane to 4-lane highway		2008			Rocky Mountain Elk	elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, black bear, mountain lion, coyote, grey fox, raccoon	video-surveillene, radio collared elk	_reduction in wildlife fatalities of observations	https://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ540.pdf
Arizona Route 260 Overpasses 6		Near Payson	United States	Arizona	State Route 260	Designed for wildlife crossings		2008				elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, black bear, mountain lion, coyote, grey fox, raccoon	radio-collared elk	_reduction in wildlife fatalities of elk	https://apps.azdot.gov/ADOTLibrary/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ540.pdf
Virginia Bridge 2	not for wildlife use	Virginia	United States	Virginia	Virginia roadways	Not specifically designed for wildlife use				not designed for wildlife		black bear, white tailed deer, opossum, squirrel, house cat, bobcat, red fox, coyote, racoon, groundhog, mice, southern leopard frog, American toad, black rat snake, birds, fish	camera trap		https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3141/2011-17
Great Eastern Ranges (GER)	multiple methods	Eastern Australia	Australia	Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland		The Great Eastern Range is a mountainous range dividing the Australian coast from the arid interior. It ranges from Grampain Ranges to Cape York peninsula. Therefore, three states are involved and over 250 organizations work with GER, which has a "contine				connecting habitat islands					https://ger.org.au/about-us/why-ger/
Gondwana Link	multiple methods	South-Western Australia	Australia	Western Australia		The Godwana Link is a 1000 km stretch in Western Australia from wet forests in the SW corner to the dry woodlands and mallee; This organization began in 2002 with the purchase of Chereniup Creek Reserve and now continues with restoration and land aquisiti				connecting habitat islands					https://gondwanalink.org/
Habitat 141°		South-Eastern Australia	Australia	South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria		Habitat 141° spans 700 km along the 141th meridian longitude and contains multiple critical habitats and biodiversity hotspots; this organizations, which leads 20-30 member organizations (governments agencies, NGOs, Indigenous groups) to create linkages b				connecting habitat islands					https://www.habitat141.org.au/
Trans-Australia Eco-Link: Northern Territory & Sou	many projects	Mid-Australia	Australia	South Australia, Northern Territories		The Trans-Australia Eco-Link spans from the top of the country to the bottom and makes NatureLinks between already vegetated lands in Northern Territory and South Australia				connecting via NatureLinks to create an Eco-Link					http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/dac142cc-2f26-4a40-8863-a0e300f3b5ce/Trans-AustraliaEco-linkBrochure.pdf
NatureLink		Southern Australia	Australia	South Australia		An overarching South Australian State Government policy that aims to restore habitat at a landscape-scale				landscape-scale reconnection in South Australia				Arid Lands NatureLink, Flinders-Olary NatureLink, Cape Borda to Barossa NatureLink, RiverMurray-Coorong NatureLink, East meets West NatureLink	http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/naturelinks/pdfs/state-map.pdf
Birdsville to Bay		Queensland	Australia	Queensland		In Queensland between Harvey Bay to Moreton Bay				combating habitat loss and decline					http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/register/p02721aa.pdf
Tasmanian Midlandscapes		Tasmanian Midlands	Australia	Tasmania		In Tasmania, this project connects conservation areas in Eastern and Western areas via the Midlands; 98% is privately owned lands				land clearing/conversion and intensification, climate change, invasives, hydrology and riparian disturbance					https://www.bushheritage.org.au/places-we-protect/tasmania/midlands
Kimberley to Cape York Culture and Climate Change		Northern Australia	Australia	Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Austral											https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/89dcc7cf-7210-40ae-b74e-22e904db3518/files/compendium.pdf
Kosciuszko to Coast (K2C)		Southern New South Wales	Australia	New South Wales		With 14 partners, Y2C is connecting isolated woodland and grassland areas in an East-West band between Kosciuszko and Namadgi National Parks; through landowner engagement, land management learning, and protecting areas of high conservation value									https://landcare.nsw.gov.au/groups/kosciuszko-to-coast/ https://ger.org.au/partners/kosciuszko-to-coast/
East Coast Conservation Corridor		Eastern Tasmania	Australia	Tasmania		Landscape-scale project connecting North-South from Cape Portland to Cape Pillar, stretching 280 km									https://conservationcorridor.org/ccsg/what-we-do/projects-and-activities/guidelines/case-studies/tasmania/
Rewilding: Rhodope Mountains		Southern Bulgaria	Bulgaria	Kardzhali District, Haskovo Province
Humberhead Wildlife Trust		Humberhead Levels	England	Yorkshire and the Humber		12 organizations are working together with locals to restore drained wetlands in the Humberhead Levels; due to drainage for dry land farming, isolated patches were made too small and disjointed for wildlife survival; this program creates and restores ribb			3000000	wildlife survival, reduce flood risk, reduce heat in the summer, lock up carbon dioxide					https://www.ywt.org.uk/wildlife/conservation-action/south-yorkshire/humberhead-levels
National Elephant Corridor Project		India	India	India		101 elephant corridors throughout NW India, Central India, NW Bengal, NE India, and S India; land purchases and eco-development deals					Asian elephant				https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/engineering-faults-often-cause-accidents-886699.html https://wti.org.in/projectdocs/WTI101corridorsmap.jpg https://www.sanctuarynaturefoundation.org/article/right-of-passage%3A-elephant-corridors-of-india#
Rewilding: Central Apennines		Apennines	Italy	Central Italy		5 corridors reconnect the Abruzzo, Molise and Lazio and Majella to Sirente Velino Regional Park; covers 100,000 ha									https://rewildingeurope.com/areas/central-apennines/
Greater Côa Valley Rewilding		Greater Côa Valley	Portugal	Beira Alta Raiana Region		Rewilding areas between the Malcata Mountains and Douro Valley; purchasing core habitat areas (with land-use agreements) and creating habitat corridors									https://rewildingeurope.com/areas/greater-coa-valley/ https://www.endangeredlandscapes.org/project/greater-coa-valley/
Kostroma ECONET		Kostroma Region	Russia	Kostroma Region		The region is located in the watershed divide between the Caspian and the White seas. Here, Siberian species transition to European species, and taiga is replaced by broad-leaved forest. Landscape diversity is highest where depressions among morainic hill				ecosystem services					https://conservationcorridor.org/ccsg/what-we-do/projects-and-activities/guidelines/case-studies/econet/
Spanish National Network of Drover's Roads (Vías P		Spain	Spain	Spain		This network of sheep and cattle roads date back to Roman rule and have had protection for centuries. Now that these roads are not used to drive cattle/sheep between market and fields, they are being treated as a conservation opportunity because these roa				cattle and sheep drover's route		Sheep and cattle			https://conservationcorridor.org/ccsg/what-we-do/projects-and-activities/guidelines/case-studies/droversroads/ http://www.pastos.es/
Tenasserim Corridor Project		Tenasserim Range	Thailand	Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi		Establishing a ecological corridor between WEFCOM and Kaeng Krachan Forest Complexes; runs along Thailand-Myanmar border (on Thai side), links 23 protected areas					Tiger and Asian elephant				https://thailand.wcs.org/Achieve-Project/Corridorproject.aspx
Selous-Niassa Wildlife Corridor		Tanzania-Mozambique	Tanzania	Ruvuma Region		Corridor between Niassa (Mozambique) and Selous (Tanzenia) protected areas, significant biolink allowing animal passage through Miombo woodland ecosystem; ONLY on village land						Elephants	satellite tracking		https://conservationcorridor.org/cpb/BaldusandHahn2009.pdf
Florida Wildlife Corridor		Florida	United States	Florida		This is a state-wide program to preserve the thin connections that keep the entire state connected via conservation areas; it combined federal, state, and private lands with permanent conservation status		2015		Statewide connectivity					http://floridawildlifecorridor.org/
Appalachian Trail (AT)		Appalachian Mountains	United States	Georgia to Maine		This hiking trail spans over 2,000 miles and protects a stretch of forest across the Appalachian mountains; encompasses more than 250,000 acres, making it one of the largest units of the National Park System in the eastern United States; The protection of				human hiking trail, any benefits to nature secondary					https://appalachiantrail.org/
Murchison-Semliki REDD+		Western Uganda	Uganda	Hoima, Masindi, Kibale. Kyenjojo		The Murchison-Semliki REDD+ project is conserving wildlife corridor habitat in Western Uganda; stopping private land owners from clearing forest, blocking oil industry efforts, and preserving land; specific targets of several endangered/threatened species					Chimpanzee, crowned eagle, raptors, golden cat, jackals, Nathan's francolin, lion				https://uganda.wcs.org/Initiatives/Climate-Change/REDD.aspx https://uganda.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Murchison-Semliki.aspx
Yellowstone to Yukon (Y2Y)		Wyoming to Yukon Territory	United States/Canada	Wyoming, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Alber		International effort to reconnect Wyoming to Yukon Territories, covering 1.3 million square miles					Grizzly bear, caribou, lynx, golden eagles. Cutthroat trout			467 partner groups non-for-profit	https://y2y.net/
The Terai Arc Landscape		India-Nepal border	Nepal/India	ndian states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bih		This eco-region spans 11 protected areas and the corridors/bottlenecks in between; over 810 km between Yamuna River and Bhagmati River					One-horned rhinoceroses, Asian elephants, Bengal tigers				https://www.wwfindia.org/aboutwwf/criticalregions/teraiarclandscape/aboutteraiarclandscape/
Jaguar Corridor Initiative		Northern Argentina to Mexico	South/Central Americas	South/Central Americas		Connecting jaguar habitat across Central and South America, promoting gene flow; country by country but mostly overseen by Panthera					Jaguar		on the ground "truthing" and jaguar movement tracking		https://www.panthera.org/initiative/jaguar-corridor-initiative
Alpine Network of Protected Areas		Alps	Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Slov			Humanmade infrastructure fragments landscapes and destroys habitats, making the resources on which animals depend inaccessible. Additionally, populations become isolated as migration patterns are disrupted. Climate change is exacerbating this situation, p								Not a lot of info about where and how these corridors are being created	http://www.alparc.org/biodiversity-and-ecological-connectivity
Mura-Drava-Danube		Along the Mura-Drava-Danube River	Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, and Slovenia	Eastern Europe/Balkan states		A 5-country Transboundary Biosphere Reserve has been created to protect the Mura-Drava-Danube River; 13 core areas were stablished and buffer and transitional areas in between; blocking of hyrdoelectic dam projects; establishment of the "Amazon of Europe"				biodiversity hotspot, many species of interest					https://conservationcorridor.org/ccsg/what-we-do/projects-and-activities/guidelines/case-studies/mura-drava-danube/
Western Wildway Network Priority Corridor Project		Mexico-Canada	Mexico, United States, Canada	Western North America (Rocky mountains)		A network of connected, protected lands from Mexico to Canada along the "Spine of the Continent"; mixture of public and private lands				pollination, carbon storage				Inclusive of Yellowstone to Yukon (Y2Y) project	https://wildlandsnetwork.org/wildways/western/
Eastern Wildway		United States-Canada	United States, Canada	Eastern North America (Appalachian mountains)		Connecting core protected areas with habitat corridors from eastern Canada to Gulf of Mexico									https://wildlandsnetwork.org/wildways/eastern/
Algonquin to Adirondacks (A2A)		Quebec to New York	United States, Canada	Quebec, New York		Linking Algonquin and Adirondack Parks across the Fronteriac Arch, preserving and protecting patches								"Connectivity of the A2A landscape can be achieved by preserving and restoring natural habitat — not in an unbroken line like a corridor, but as scattered patches, fence lines, river margins, wetlands and woodlots."	http://www.a2acollaborative.org/
Kilimanjaro Landscape Corridors		Amboseli National Park	Kenya, Tanzania	Olgulului, Imbirikani, Kuku, Kimana		African Wildlife Foundation (and other organizations) provide incentive for private landowners to allow wildlife passage and not to convert habitat; making ecological corridors supporting Amboseli National Park		2008						The conservation leases are not permanent and not all landowners are participating	https://conservationcorridor.org/ccsg/what-we-do/projects-and-activities/guidelines/case-studies/kilimanjaro/
Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier		Border convergence	Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe			A five-nation effort to connect fragmented islands and protected core areas, allowing especially for elephant movement				increase biodiversity	African elephant				https://conservationcorridor.org/ccsg/what-we-do/projects-and-activities/guidelines/case-studies/kaza/
Apuseni Link		Apuseni Mountains	Romania			The Apuseni Link connects the Apuseni Mountains with the Southern Carpathians through a network of Natura 2000 sites (restored landscapes)		2020			Wolves and bears				http://connectcarpathians.ro/about-the-project/?lang=en, https://e360.yale.edu/features/in_romania_highway_boom_poses_looming_threat_to_bears

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